Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve, a widely distributed species of the Polygonaceae family, has long been valued in traditional medicine for its diverse therapeutic applications. This review investigates its phytochemical composition, traditional uses, and pharmacological potential, placing the plant in the broader context of natural product research. Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, anthraquinones, steroids, and phenolic acids, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, are compiled and analyzed. Modern techniques have identified novel compounds like falloconvolin A and B, as well as compounds with estrogenic and neuroprotective properties. To support this analysis, information was sourced from ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and clinical studies, utilizing databases like PubMed, Science Direct, and ResearchGate. This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of further research to elucidate the mechanisms of action of its bioactive constituents and to explore its potential for pharmaceutical innovation. Fallopia convolvulus represents a promising, sustainable resource for developing novel therapeutic agents, bridging traditional medicine with modern science.

Зерттеуде когнитивті жүктеменің дені сау және теміртапшылықты анемиясы бар студенттердің ми биоэлектрлік белсенділігі мен қыртысты аймақтар арасындағы функционалдық байланыстарға әсерін электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ) әдісімен анықталды. Зерттеуге екі топқа топтастырылған дені сау және теміртапшылықты анемиясы бар студенттер қатысты. Когнитивті тапсырманы орындағанға дейін және когнитивті тапсырманы орындағаннан кейін стандартталған функционалдық режимде ЭЭГ тіркелді, альфа (8-13 Гц) және тета (4-7 Гц) ырғақтарына спектральды талдау және корреляциялық талдаудың бір түрі болып табылатын кросс-корреляциялық талдау жүргізілді. Қатысушылар когнитивті жүктемеге бес минуттық ментальды есеп шығару тапсырмасын орындады. Нәтижелер когнитивті тапсырманы орындағанға дейін екі топта да спектральды көрсеткіштердің сақталғанын көрсетті, ал сенсорлық ынталандыру кезінде теміртапшылықты анемиясы бар топта альфа ырғағының толық қуаты мен тета индексінің төмендеуі анықталды. Когнитивті тапсырманы орындағаннан кейін дені сау топта альфа ырғағының тиімді қалпына келуі, тета ырғағының шектелуі мен қыртысты аймақтар арасындағы үйлесімді функционалдық байланыстары сақталған. Теміртапшылықты анемиясы бар топта альфа синхронизациясының жеткіліксіз қалпына келуі және тета ырғағының шамадан тыс артуы анықталды. Корреляциялық талдауда маңдай аймақтарының орталық және самай аймақтарымен байлынысы әлсіреген. Бұл когнитивті және атқарушы функцияларға жауапты нейрондық желілердің интеграциясының бұзылысын сипаттайды, ал оның гипоксиялық және нейрометаболикалық шектеулермен байланысты екенін көрсетеді. Альфа және тета ырғақтарының спектральды және кросс-корреляциялық көрсеткіштері когнитивті жүктемеге мидың функционалдық күйін бағалауда нейрофизиологиялық маркерлер ретінде қолдануға ұсынылады.

Plant-derived natural products remain a major source of anticancer chemical diversity, yet much of the preclinical literature still describes their activity through compound-centered readouts such as IC₅₀ values, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial depolarization, BCL-2-family remodeling, caspase activation, and PI3K/Akt or NF-κB inhibition. Although informative, these mechanisms do not fully explain why the same phytochemical induces apoptosis in some cancer cells, and cytostasis or adaptation in others, while normal cells frequently activate cytoprotective responses. Rather than replacing conventional compound-centered approaches, we integrate established concepts into a complementary vulnerability-state framework for interpreting plant-derived natural-product-induced selective apoptosis. In this framework, selective apoptosis occurs when phytochemical-induced stress intersects with pre-existing cancer-cell vulnerabilities, overwhelms adaptive buffering, and remains below the injury threshold of normal cells. We organize current evidence around redox imbalance, mitochondrial priming, membrane remodeling, ion-channel and cell-volume dysregulation, and survival-pathway addiction, emphasizing that pathway modulation becomes mechanistically meaningful when linked to differential cellular sensitivity. We further highlight membrane–ion biology as an underexplored contributor to phytochemical responses and discuss how chemical standardization, orthogonal cell-death assays, matched normal-cell models, organoids, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations can advance the field from descriptive cytotoxicity toward mechanism-informed phytopharmacology.

Age-associated metabolic dysfunction is commonly defined by abnormalities in adiposity, glucose regulation, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure. Although clinically useful, these criteria do not fully capture the biological heterogeneity that explains why older adults with similar metabolic profiles may follow divergent trajectories toward type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, frailty or multimorbidity. This narrative Review summarizes clinical, translational, and mechanistic evidence on the biological processes that shape metabolic aging, with particular emphasis on inflammaging, immunosenescence, cellular senescence, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, adipose tissue dysfunction, endothelial injury, and inflammation-related microRNAs. We first discuss how chronic low-grade inflammation and immune remodeling alter the interpretation of conventional metabolic syndrome components in older adults. We then review redox imbalance and mitochondrial stress as amplifiers of insulin resistance, lipid injury, vascular dysfunction, and tissue remodeling. The review also examines inflammation-related microRNAs, including circulating and extracellular-vesicle-associated miRNAs, as post-transcriptional regulators that may connect inflammatory, metabolic, and redox pathways. Finally, we discuss how conventional metabolic markers may be integrated with inflammatory mediators, oxidative-stress indicators, adipokines, endothelial and senescence-related markers, and miRNA profiles to improve biological interpretation of metabolic risk. Within this context, we present the Inflammaging–Redox–InflammamiR Axis as a conceptual framework for organizing these overlapping mechanisms rather than as an established diagnostic or causal model. The proposed biomarker tiers and candidate risk phenotypes are author-derived, hypothesis-generating constructs intended to guide future longitudinal and interventional research. Clinical translation will require standardized assays, longitudinal validation, external replication, and intervention studies.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder in which maternal dysmetabolism interacts with placental adaptation and fetal development. Plant-derived bioactive compounds have attracted interest because they modulate metabolic, inflammatory, redox, mitochondrial, nutrient-sensing, and vascular pathways implicated in GDM; however, mechanistic activity alone does not establish therapeutic suitability during pregnancy. This critical narrative review evaluates selected phytochemicals using a placenta-centered translational perspective that distinguishes evidence from women with GDM, human placental and pregnancy-associated tissues, pregnancy-specific animal models, and mechanistic cellular systems. Human placental studies demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammation, nutrient transport, and angiogenic regulation, emphasizing that altered pathways may represent pathological, compensatory, or adaptive responses. Among the compounds reviewed, EGCG has the most direct clinical treatment evidence, whereas naringenin shows particularly strong disease-specific placental mechanistic alignment. Quercetin and mangiferin have substantial pregnancy-specific preclinical support, while resveratrol and berberine illustrate how fetal or developmental concerns can limit translation despite promising metabolic effects. Overall, no isolated phytochemical currently combines replicated clinical efficacy, defined maternal–fetal pharmacokinetics, placental relevance, and adequate developmental safety. Future translation requires integrated evaluation across the maternal–placental–fetal unit.