The immense development of a worldwide coffee franchise, Starbucks, affects the local community’s coffee culture, particularly the middle class, which characterizes an alternative lifestyle for consumptive and dynamics individuals who love to seek leisure time and a new identity. More than just a process of domestication or creolization, a coffee-producing country such as Indonesia has an element of “soft countering to” Western coffee culture even though it still embraces some parts of the Western styles. This phenomenon is referred to as the cultural encapsulation process or substantial cultural resistance by drawing a line between the two coffee cultures to take merely compatible elements. More precisely, there has been a process of affirming the value and local coffee culture in the coffee business. Still, the proprietors selectively induce some parts of the West culture like new coffee processing and serving techniques. In terms of management practices, the shift in a more local environment will largely determine their standard of hospitality; it is no longer based on the comfort of the “technique”, but instead the fulfillment of the local coffee culture style.

Although it is still debatable, rural tourism is deemed to provide economic and social benefits without damaging natural resources and therefore, it is still an important sector for developing country. Indonesia will allocate IDR 72 trillion village fund in 2021 for rural development program in which rural tourism is the main sector after infrastructure, education, and health sectors. Using social representation theory approach, we analysed social representation of rural tourism among visitors and whether the representation was perceived as important or not by rural tourism managers. Survey of 700 tourists and 70 village tourism managers found that words of “tourism attraction”, “economic activities” and “curiosity” attracted attention of tourists, while rural tourism managers only considered “tourism attraction” as focus of the management strategies. There was a knowledge gap between visitors and tourism managers as tourists preferred to see "authenticity" while managers wanted to build an "artificial" attraction. In terms of management practices, the shift in social representation will largely determine their standard of hospitality; it is no longer based on the comfort of the "standard" as we understand, but instead the fulfilment of the social representation of the visitors. This finding has verified the hypothesis of post-tourism theory, which believes that visitors have more attention to get “experience” in their journey rather than to follow traditional view of “attraction”. At the practical level, rural tourism managers can consider the findings to develop their service management to be more in accordance with visitor’s representation rather than their common-sense.

Between agro-food products, coffee is the first commodity to quarrel in ethical attributes and sustainability issues such as fair trade, premium prices, as well as justified value chain issues. Taking into account the growing coffee consumption in Indonesia, this article tries to prove connoisseur consumers (CCs) are moderating the sustainable consumption and dynamics capabilities (DCs) of single origin coffee shops (SOCSs). An in-depth interview to 30 SOCS managers and 60 baristas and a survey to 450 consumers found that there are significant correlations between connoisseurs attributes such as the depth of a barista’s knowledge of coffee, the barista’s skills, the shop image, the coffee variation, the barista’s communication skills, and the serving techniques and that they have a relationship with an increase in the number of consumers. The existence of CCs has encouraged the practice of consumption sustainability of SOCSs and moderates SOCSs to improve sensing, seizing, and transforming shop management to stand against the competition. Based on the above findings, more in-depth research on the standard character and number of CCs is needed as well as their contribution to the revenue structure of SOCSs. Meanwhile, connoisseur customers’ support is capable of helping the SOCSs in improving their DCs to improve the sustainable consumption of Indonesian single origin coffee in the future.

Using the political ecology approach, we investigated the Indonesian government’s decision to commercialize protected areas (PAs) and promote its tourism sector aggressively, and examined how this commercialization is enabled through various institutions and governing structures. We confirmed that the commercialization of PAs in Indonesia was an alternative accumulation, dealing with the crisis of capitalist accumulation. Our empirical finding showed that the commercialization of PAs in Indonesia had detimental environmental and social impacts, such as deadlocks or monopoly or management, and environmental deterioration. This commercialization pattern was different from accumulation by conservation in other regions, such as Africa, where local people were deprived of their access to the means of production, consequently becoming laborers in the tourism industry. In Indonesia, local people were given access to resources; however, as these resources were of little value, they became laborers in the tourism industry. Further research is needed to test whether different patterns of accumulation by conservation also apply to other types of PAs in Indonesia, such as national parks and customary forests, including various coral reef conservation areas in remote and small Islands used as tourist attractions.

This research describes how agriculture-based villages have changed due to small sand mining (artisanal) activities: the social meaning or social representation of the mining existence, how much it contributes to household income, and community resistance forms, including how the farming community adapts to the vulnerability. To analyze various quantitative data related to social representation, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to explain community acceptance of the mining activities. Qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis, while four-quadrant analysis was employed in analyzing mining development, resistance, and community adaptation to vulnerability. The findings show that the shift in the village economy from agriculture to mining has been driven more by the government's massive infrastructure development policy since 1990 that sand mining has become an integral part of people's social lives, and people become so dependent on it. It has resulted in split public opinion regarding the mining activities. The people's contradictory views on mining have caused community resistance to be closed and cultural, not open and structural, that mining activities do not face many obstacles. As a result, their adaptation strategy to vulnerability is dominated by short-term reactive strategies rather than long-term anticipations to stabilise livelihoods. The current research illustrates that sand mining is inherent in the social system and harms the environment and social sustainability, especially on the community's weak opposition and low adaptability.