AIM: For the last 20 years, various problems caused by internet has brought attention to researchers. People who actively use the Internet can spend 40 to 80 hours per week on a computer or phone. Their sleep patterns, daily life and exercise habits change over time. These changes bring along some illnesses such as back pain, neck pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. Many of these ailments underlie postural disorders. The most common of these postural disorders is increased thoracic kyphosis. Our aim is to determine the effect of internet usage on thoracic kyphosis angle in healthy individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted our study in 322 (K = 152, E = 170) students who were educated at Sakarya University Medical Faculty. Internet usage questionnaire was applied to the participants to measure the level and duration of internet usage. Thoracic kyphosis angle measurement was done with Flexicurve device Statistical comparisons were made using SPSS software. RESULTS: In our study, the kyphosis angles of the participants varied between 21,067 degrees and 49,546 degrees. The average score of the questionnaire on internet usage was 32,508 (slightly dependent), while the average daily internet use was 200 minutes. When the questionnaire scores and kyphosis angle values were compared, the result was statistically significant (p: 0.016). CONCLUSION: It is important to identify and evaluate the negative effects of internet use on our posture. People should pay attention to internet usage times and body postures during use in order to protect their postures during internet use. Otherwise, there will be an increase in thoracic kyphosis angle with serious disorders in the posture.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the main branches of abdominal aortae (AA) and to make evaluation by carrying out some measurements by considering gender difference. Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective research subjecting multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) angiography images of 200 individuals (61 women, 139 men). Coeliac trunk (CT), superior mesenteric artery (SMA), right renal artery (RRA), left renal artery (LRA), inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) were examined by abdominal aortae and its branches. The cases of these arteries with anatomical variation were classified, and vertebral outflow levels originated from AA and the mean of distance measurements with each other were recorded. In addition, sagittal and transverse diameter measurements at the level of the main branches of AA were conducted, all examined data were compared according to gender. Results: While normal CT anatomy was observed in 91% of 200 cases, the rate of CT variations was 9%. The replaced right hepatic artery originated from SMA was found only in one patient. No variation was observed in IMA. No significant difference was determined between genders in most of the vertebral outflow levels of the arteries examined. Conclusion: Diagnosing mesenteric and renal arterial variations is of vital importance in colon, hepatobiliary and renal transplantations, and vertebra levels of these arteries, diameter and distance measurements provide convenience for clinical staff and cadaver dissection in anatomy.

Palmaris longus (PL) is a fusiform muscle with a short belly and a long tendon that crosses superficially over flexor retinaculum. It flexes wrist and tenses palmar aponeurosis. The absence of PL prevalence varies from 0.6 % to 63.91 % in the literature. The existence of PL on the right hand is more common compared to the left hand. Thus, we aimed to determine the prevalence of PL in the Turkish population and the relation of PL absence with sex and handedness in this study. We evaluated 1050 students of Sakarya University between ages 18-28 who participated in the study (525 males, 525 females). After completing a questionnaire including handedness, the volunteers were examined on both hands using some standard tests to find out PL absences. Pearson chisquare and Fischer's exact tests were used for statistics in SPSS 22 software. It was determined that 937 subjects were right-handed (89.2 %), 70 subjects were left-handed (6.6 %) and 43 subjects were ambidextrous (4.1 %). The presence of bilateral PL was found in 653 subjects, while the absence of bilateral PL was defined in 186 subjects. The absence of PL on right and left hand was detected respectively on 108 (10.3 %) and 103 (9.8 %) subjects. Left-handedness was more common in males (7.2 %) than females (6 %). PL was absent in 397 (37.8 %) subjects unilaterally and bilaterally. The study showed that our population has similar prevalence of PL absence with literature. Moreover, there was no correlation statistically between the absence of PL and sex or handedness.

Knee osteoarthritis is a widespread disorder that may contribute to severe chronic pain. Multiple nerve blocks are implemented for analgesia of the knee, which have some restrictions, including the need for multiple injections, making the procedure complicated. We aimed to introduce a novel ultrasound-guided nerve block technique for analgesia of the knee. The study presents a description of the anterior nerves of the knee block and its application to individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Local anesthetic was injected (20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine) within the fascia between the rectus femoris and vastus muscles in 42 patients with severe knee pain. The pain charts of the patients were reviewed and numerical rating pain scores (NRS) before and 1st hour, 1st month after the block were evaluated. First-month Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) was also reviewed. The block was also performed in a fresh embalmed cadaver with methylene blue to identify the distribution of the injected dye. The mean age of patients was 65.3 ± 7.8 years. The mean NRS before block performance was 8.0 ± 1.2. The NRS score at 1 hour and 1 month after the block, decreased to 1.5 ± 1 and 4.4 ± 1.2, respectively. The decrease was statistically and clinically significant ( P = .000). Mean WOMAC score was 71.6 ± 14.5 before the block which decreased to 42.7 ± 14.9 one month after the block ( P = .000). No muscle weakness, motor block, or block-related complications were observed. Methylene blue spread in the cadaver was between the rectus femoris and vastus muscles, covering the nerves that innervate the anterior region of the knee. The novel anterior nerves of the knee block provided sufficient analgesia at the first hour and first month, and improved 1-month WOMAC scores in patients with chronic pain at the anterior of knee.

The median nerve, the longest branch of the brachial plexus, is formation in axillary fossa by a fusion of two nerves including the radix lateralis nervi mediani and radix medialis nervi mediani. A variant of that formation was observed during routine dissection at anatomy department of our faculty. It was found that the left median nerve was formed by three branches (two lateral and one medial). One of the roots originated from the fasciculus medialis; the other two roots originated from the fasciculus lateralis. This variation should be known and has clinical importance especially in surgical interventions, surgical interventions of traumatic cases and radiologic evaluations in order not to mislead the clinician

Objective: To analyse the auricular in terms of ethnicity and gender by morphometric measurements. Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye, from January 2022 and January 2023, and comprised students of Turkish and African descent. Isolated ear photographs of the subject were analysed using the ruler software, and anatomical measurements, such as ear length, length of the ear above and below the tragus, ear width, concha length, and the distance between otobasion superior and otobasion inferior, were noted. Data was analysed using SPSS 26 software. Results: Of the 68 subjects, 34(50%) were Turkish with mean age 20.37 ± 3.1 years, while 34(50%) were of Africans with mean age 20.19 ± 3.2 years. Both the groups had an equal number of male and female participants. Gender-based differences among Turkish participants were significant, with Turkish males exhibiting higher values than females (p0.05). Significant differences were found between the groups in terms of tragus-to-ear length, tragus-to-lobe length, tragus height, and the distance between otobasion superior and otobasion inferior (p<0.05). Conclusion: Auricular anthropometry exhibited significant variations based on gender and ethnicity. Key Words: Anthropometry, Auricula, Ear measurements, Gender differences, Morphometry.