The frequency of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis is increasing annually. Current treatments for these diseases cause new problems due to their side effects. In this study, we investigated the impact of Ganoderic Acid A (GAA), a potent anti-inflammatory herbal molecule, to evaluate the potential efficacy of GAA in alleviating Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated clinical and histopathological manifestations. 40 Balb/c male mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = mice number per each group) as control (C), acetic acid (AA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), low dose GAA (LGA) and high dose GAA (HGA) groups. Collagen emulsion was applied intra-articularly (ia), and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) was applied subcutaneously (sc) to the RA and GA groups to induce an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis. Other groups were given physiologic saline (PS) or AA at the same dose and in the same way. The procedures were repeated on the 22nd day; however, incomplete Freund’s adjuvant was applied to the RA and GA groups instead of CFA. PS was given to groups C, AA and RA for 9 days starting from the 22nd day; GAA was applied to the LGA (20 mg/kg) and HGA (40 mg/kg) groups by gavage. We evaluated body weight, arthritis score, knee temperature, knee circumference, behavioural assessment of pain, gait, tail-flick test, hot plate test, locomotor activity test, lower extremity index, spectrophotometric and histopathological evaluation methods, respectively. Compared to the RA group, the clinical arthritis score was reduced in the HGA group (p < 0.05). GAA significantly reduced knee temperatures and knee circumference, with changes in hot plate scores and tail flip test response. In the GAA groups, serum concentrations of AST, IL-6, TNF-α, NFkB were reduced, and joint damage and arthritis scores were also reduced histologically (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the arthritis regressed with GAA treatment. Edema and inflammation were found to be reduced in the GAA groups compared with the RA group. GAA treatment resulted in significant improvements in behavioural activity, reduced inflammation and the damage to cartilage and bone structure and had an antinociceptive effect.

Objective: The effects of urapidil in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model were investigated using histopathological and biochemical methods. Materials and methods: Forty Wistar albino rats were subjected to sham operation (Group 1), IR (Group 2), IR+dimethyl sulfoxide (Group 3), IR+urapidil 0.5 mg/kg (Group 4), and IR+urapidil 5 mg/kg (Group 5). Levels of MDA, TAS, TOS, SOD, MPO, NF-κB, caspase-3, and LC3B were measured. Results and discussion: The groups 2 and 3 had significantly higher TOS and MPO levels than the sham group had (p < 0.001), whereas the TAS and SOD levels were significantly lower in Group 2 than in the sham group. In treatment groups, TAS and SOD levels increased, whereas TOS, MPO, and MDA levels decreased compared to Group 2. Caspase-3 and LC3B immunopositivities were seen at severe levels in Group 2 and 3. However, Group 4 and 5 were found to have lower levels of immunopositivity. Immunopositivity was observed in interstitial areas, peribronchial region, and bronchial epithelial cells. A moderate level of NF-κB immunopositivity was seen in Group 2 and 3. Conclusion: Our results show that urapidil is one of the antioxidant agents and protects lung tissue from oxidant effects of intestinal IR injury.

Objective: Forward head posture (FHP) is becoming common in medical students who study for long durations with wrong postures due to intensive curriculum. This study was conducted to determine the frequency of FHP in medical students and associated factors. Methods: The first and second-year medical students filled out the questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics, activity status, Smartphone Addiction Questionnaire, Beck Depression, Body Awareness, and Perceived Stress Scales after obtaining their verbal consents. FHP and craniovertebral angle values were measured. Results: Highly severe FHP (≥5 cm) was found in 47 % of the students, severe FHP (2.5-5 cm) in 46.2% and slight FHP in 6.8%. CVA values were detected as mean 44.31 ± 4.31. The frequency of students whose CVA values are below 45° is 59.3% (140 people). The frequency of highly severe FHP was also found as high in the taller, in males, and in the students with high BMI. In the regression model, severe depression increased the FHP intensity 2.5 times. Conclusions: Severe or highly severe FHP was detected approximately as 90% in the study. Highly severe FHP was observed quite frequently in those with severe depression. Keywords: Forward head posture, medical student, Beck depression score ÖZET Amaç: İleri kafa duruşu (FHP), yoğun müfredat nedeniyle uzun süre yanlış duruşlarla çalışan tıp öğrencilerinde yaygınlaşıyor. Bu çalışma tıp öğrencilerinde FHP sıklığını ve ilişkili faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Birinci ve ikinci sınıf tıp öğrencileri, sosyodemografik özellikler, aktivite durumu, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Anketi, Beck Depresyon, Beden Farkındalığı ve Algılanan Stres Ölçeklerini içeren anketi sözlü onamlarını aldıktan sonra doldurdu. FHP ve kraniovertebral açı değerleri ölçüldü. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %47'sinde çok şiddetli (≥5 cm), %46,2'sinde şiddetli FHP (2,5-5 cm) ve %6,8'inde hafif FHP saptandı. CVA değerleri ortalama 44.31 ± 4.31 olarak tespit edildi. CVA değeri 45°'nin altında olan öğrencilerin oranı %59,3'tür (140 kişi). Uzun boylularda, erkeklerde ve BKİ'si yüksek olan öğrencilerde de oldukça şiddetli FHP sıklığı yüksek bulundu. Regresyon modelinde şiddetli depresyon, FHP yoğunluğunu 2,5 kat arttırdı. Sonuç: Şiddetli veya çok şiddetli FHP, çalışmada yaklaşık %90 oranında tespit edilmiştir. Şiddetli depresyonu olanlarda oldukça şiddetli FHP oldukça sık gözlendi. Anahtar kelimeler: İleri kafa duruşu, tıp öğrencisi, Beck depresyon skoru

Dioscin has shown protective effects in hepatic, renal, and pulmonary injury models. However, its multi-modal protective profile in NSAID-induced gastric ulceration has not been comprehensively evaluated. We investigated the gastroprotective effects of dioscin at two doses in a gastric ulcer model through biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical alterations. 48 female Wistar albino rats were randomized into six groups: control, vehicle, omeprazole (30 mg/kg), indomethacin (30 mg/kg), dioscin 15 (15 mg/kg) and dioscin 30 (30 mg/kg). Blood and gastric tissues were collected 4 h after ulcer induction. IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, SOD, MDA, IMA, iNOS, and eNOS levels were measured by ELISA. Gastric lesions were graded histologically. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Bcl-2, p-Caspase-3, p-LC3B, and p-NFκB p65. Data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Indomethacin markedly increased IL-1β, TNF-α, MDA, IMA, and iNOS while reducing SOD and disrupting mucosal architecture. 15 mg/kg dose of Dioscin produced the strongest suppression of IL-1β and TNF-α and reduced iNOS levels, while the 30 mg/kg dose of Dioscin maximally enhanced SOD activity and increased eNOS expression, indicating improved mucosal perfusion. Histopathology demonstrated dose-responsive restoration of epithelial integrity, with Dioscin (30 mg/kg) group exhibiting near-normal mucosal morphology comparable to omeprazole. Immunohistochemically, Dioscin increased Bcl-2 expression while reducing p-Caspase-3, p-LC3B, and p-NFκB p65, demonstrating amelioration of apoptosis, autophagy activation, and inflammatory signaling. Dioscin confers robust gastroprotection through coordinated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and autophagy-modulating mechanisms. The 15 mg/kg dose predominantly attenuates inflammatory responses, whereas the 30 mg/kg dose provides additional mucosal repair via enhanced antioxidant activity and eNOS upregulation.

Creating a common historical perspective on anatomy is necessary for humanity to complete its mental and philosophical development. Since the 1600s, the Netherlands has made great contributions to the historical development of the science of anatomy. In addition to the medical conditions encountered in daily life, the science of surgery, which developed thanks to the wars, has glorified the science of anatomy over time. In the 1600s, anatomy theaters in the Netherlands were established under the leadership of surgeons and supported by the administrators. The scientific environment they created made the Netherlands one of the important medical education centers in Europe, like Italy and France. This success can be explained by the fact that the Dutch people placed scientific methods in the new universities they established in parallel with the economic, political, cultural and mental development of the Dutch people. Thus the Netherlands of the 1600s almost created a historical step between today's and medieval faculties. This period of the Netherlands, which, with its progressive climate, created science and art producers who have shaped the world's anatomy and medical education today, should be remembered with its important names and contributions.

The median nerve, the longest branch of the brachial plexus, is formation in axillary fossa by a fusion of two nerves including the radix lateralis nervi mediani and radix medialis nervi mediani. A variant of that formation was observed during routine dissection at anatomy department of our faculty. It was found that the left median nerve was formed by three branches (two lateral and one medial). One of the roots originated from the fasciculus medialis; the other two roots originated from the fasciculus lateralis. This variation should be known and has clinical importance especially in surgical interventions, surgical interventions of traumatic cases and radiologic evaluations in order not to mislead the clinician