Anzer honey is produced Turkey's famous Anzer Plateau with rich vegetation in the Eastern Black Sea region.This is the first extensive investigation of the bioactive characteristics of Anzer honey. For this purpose, melissopalinological analysis, total phenolic and flavonoid substances, polyphenolic profile and total antioxidant capacity of honey, ferric reducing antioxidant power test (FRAP) and free radical scavenging capacity of samples were measured by picryhydrazil (DPPH) method. According to the results of the study, the total phenolic content of Anzer honey was 26.92 gallic acid/100g and the total flavonoid substance was 2.79. In the analysis of phenolic compounds of the Anzer honeys, daidzein and syringic acid were not detected. The major phenolic compounds in the honey were, in descending order, pinocembrin, hesperidin, chrysin, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin, caffeic acid phenyl acid (CAPE), p-OH benzoic acid, caffeic acid, and minor levels of myricetin, luteolin, rutin, resveratrol, epicatechin, t-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid, were also determined. The mean FRAP and DPPH values of the anzer honeys were found to be 110.11 μmolTrolox/100g, and 49.12mg/ml respectively. As a result, although Anzer honeys are not rich in phenolic contents, they are attractive in terms of phenolic compounds.

Propolis is a multi-functional bee product rich in polyphenols. In this study, the inhibitory effect of Anatolian propolis against SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was investigated in vitro and in silico. Raw and commercial propolis samples were used, and both samples were found to be rich in caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, t-cinnamic acid, hesperetin, chrysin, pinocembrin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) at HPLC-UV analysis. Ethanolic propolis extracts (EPE) were used in the ELISA screening test against the spike S1 protein (SARS-CoV-2): ACE-2 interaction for in vitro study. The binding energy values of these polyphenols to the SARS-CoV-2 spike and ACE-2 protein were calculated separately with a molecular docking study using the AutoDock 4.2.6 program. In addition, the pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of these eight polyphenols were calculated according to the SwissADME tool. The binding energy value of pinocembrin was highest in both receptors, followed by chrysin, CAPE, and hesperetin. Based on the in silico modeling and ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) behaviors of the eight polyphenols, the compounds exhibited the potential ability to act effectively as novel drugs. The findings of both studies showed that propolis has a high inhibitory potential against the Covid-19 virus. However, further studies are now needed.

The predominant majority of bioactive compounds in natural products are polyphenols. Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the most employed analytical method for determining the polyphenol profiles of natural products. Analyses are conducted based on methods validated according to the number and type of phenolic standards used. In this study, it was aimed to determine 26 phenolic compound standards with HPLC-fotodiot array (PDA) detector, which is preferred for the separation of secondary metabolites commonly found in natural products. The analysis was carried out utilizing a C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm; GL Sciences) with a gradient program. The HPLC method was developed, determining the limit of detection within the range of 0.019-0.072 μg/mL, and the limit of quantification within the range of 0.063-0.239 μg/mL. All calibration curves exhibited linear corelations with R² values exceeding 0.994 across the specified range. The developed method has been optimized and validated by assessing detection and quantification limits, accuracy, repeatability, and recovery data suitable for phenolic analysis. It has been concluded that the optimized method allows for the rapid and reliable evaluation of the phenolic content of natural products and their quantitative determination.