Background: Ethical leadership involves guiding and influencing others through actions rooted in honesty, integrity, fairness, and respect. It was crucial for building trust, fostering a positive organizational culture, motivating employees, managing risks, and ensuring long-term, sustainable success. Objective: The study of ethical leadership became central to understanding how leadership affected organizations. This study proposed that organizational justice was a psychological mechanism through which ethical leadership shaped individual ethical behavior. This study used a moderated mediation model, showing that a leader’s moral identity affects how ethical leadership influences employees’ ethical behavior through the concept of organizational justice. Methods: Data were collected from 360 subordinate-supervisor pairs within a prominent Saudi public organization. Results: The research revealed two key findings after analyzing data from 360 supervisor-subordinate pairings in different Saudi organizations. Firstly, ethical leadership positively impacted employee ethical behavior, and organizational justice mediated this relationship. Secondly, the effect of ethical leadership on employees’ ethical behavior was high when leaders showed higher moral identity. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study underscored the pivotal role of ethical leadership in shaping employees’ ethical behavior, mediated by organizational justice. It highlighted that leaders with a strong moral identity enhanced this effect, demonstrating the importance of fostering ethical leadership and justice within organizations to promote ethical conduct among employees. These insights offered valuable theoretical and practical implications for organizational development.

This study explores the impact of digital inclusion on human development within the context of Saudi Arabia, the broader Arab world, and globally, particularly in light of Saudi Vision 2030. The primary aim is to assess how enhancing digital inclusion can improve education, economic opportunities, and social integration, thereby contributing to overarching human development objectives. Utilizing a quantitative research design, the study employs Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) techniques to analyze data collected from a strategically selected sample of 362 participants across diverse demographics. Findings indicate that digital inclusion significantly influences key dimensions of human development, revealing both direct and indirect effects. The study underscores the necessity of addressing administrative burdens that may impede citizen engagement with digital services, highlighting the importance of understanding the unique barriers faced by various demographic groups in Saudi Arabia and the Arab region. Practical implications suggest that policymakers and practitioners should adopt a comprehensive approach to enhance digital inclusion, integrating qualitative insights to better grasp the psychological and emotional challenges that individuals encounter. This is significant for developing effective and user-friendly digital platforms that resonate with the lived experiences of Saudi Arabian citizens across different cultural contexts. The originality of this study lies in its application of Administrative Burden Theory alongside digital inclusion frameworks, offering a thorough analysis of the challenges and opportunities in Saudi Arabia and the Arab world. Addressing the limitations of previous research, this study provides valuable insights for future initiatives aimed at fostering inclusive digital environments that support human development on a global scale, ensuring that no demographic is left behind in the digital age.

Background/Objectives: Previous studies have found system quality, information quality, and service quality to be significant factors affecting the adoption of e-health services. However, little research has been conducted on factors related to the patient and the healthcare environment that may have an effect on the aforementioned relationship. This paper addresses this gap by extending the Information Systems Success Model to examine the moderating effects of patient empowerment, healthcare sustainability, and value co-creation on the adoption of e-health services in Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data were gathered using purposive sampling through an online survey from 377 adult participants in Saudi Arabia who have previously used e-health systems. Selection of participants with prior experience was done to make sure that their judgments about the quality of the system, information, and the service offered were not made in the absence of usage. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling was used to examine proposed relationships and moderating effects. Results: System quality (β = 0.312, p < 0.001), information quality (β = 0.202, p < 0.001), and service quality (β = 0.274, p < 0.001) significantly influenced the adoption of e-health services. Patient empowerment and healthcare sustainability significantly strengthened the relationships between all three quality dimensions and e-health adoption. Value co-creation had a significant effect on the relationships between system quality and e-health adoption, as well as between service quality and e-health adoption. Nonetheless, value co-creation failed to have any significant moderating effect on the relationship between information quality and e-health adoption (β = 0.106, p = 0.126). This shows that its moderating influence was not consistent across all quality dimensions. Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that system quality, information quality, and service quality are important determinants of e-health adoption. In addition, patient empowerment, healthcare sustainability, and value co-creation serve as important contextual factors that enhance the effects of quality dimensions on e-health adoption, although variations exist across specific interactions. These findings show that patient and healthcare conditions need to be considered when discussing the impact of system, information, and service quality on adoption of e-health, while at the same time providing context-based insights for the healthcare sector in Saudi Arabia.