Gonadectomy, commonly known as neutering, is widely used to address dog overpopulation and reduce reproductive disease risks, such as mammary cancer and pyometra. It is also advocated for behavior modification. However, neutering is associated with an increased risk of certain musculoskeletal disorders, obesity, several types of cancer, immune-mediated diseases, and cognitive dysfunction. These conditions may necessitate ongoing care and treatment, that require special care that the caregiver must provide furthermore burdens the caregiver with daily tasks, which encompasses the emotional, physical, social, and financial impact on pet owners caring for chronically ill animals. This burden can result in burnout, health issues, depression, social isolation, and financial stress. The potential benefits and risk of gonadectomy can affect the quality of life of both humans and pets. Relevant research findings should therefore be incorporated into each pet's and owner's particular situation. The purpose of this review is to address the long-term neutering risks and the potential caregiver burden that arises from these risks.

Background: Chronic renal failure in cats is frequently associated with several well‐known consequences, including uremia, hypertension, anaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. In contrast to extensive studies on insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD), there is a lack of research addressing these metabolic alterations in cats with CKD. Understanding the metabolic changes associated with CKD in cats is essential for effective clinical management and for enhancing our knowledge of the disease's pathophysiology. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate insulin secretion, glucose concentrations and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) in non‐diabetic cats diagnosed with stage 3–4 CKD. Methods: Ten clinically healthy cats (healthy controls) and fifteen non‐diabetic cats with CKD) were included in the study. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, urea, creatinine, phosphor, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, albumin and total protein levels were analysed in all the patients. The HOMA‐IR index was calculated to show the existence of insulin resistance. Results: Serum samples from 25 cats were analysed, including 15 with CKD and 10 healthy controls. Cats with CKD exhibited significantly lower serum insulin concentrations (6.05 ± 2.45pg/mL) compared to healthy cats (19.08 ± 5.01pg/mL; p < 0.001). Glucose concentrations in cats with CKD (149.89 ± 61.49) were notably higher than those in healthy controls (93.02 ± 7.39; p < 0.001). The HOMA‐IR score was significantly lower in cats with CKD (0.31 ± 0.15) compared to the control group (0.62 ± 0.16; p < 0.001). Limitations: The limitations of this study include a small sample size, the absence of histopathological assessments and the failure to fully characterise the inflammatory status of the subjects. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that, unlike in humans, insulin levels and HOMA‐IR are lower in cats with CKD, suggesting a potential mechanism of β‐cell dysfunction and reduced insulin secretion contributing to hyperglycaemia. Future research focused on oxidative stress in conjunction with pro‐inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators and serum fPLI concentrations may be crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of hypoinsulinaemia in cats with CKD.

The objective of this study was to evaluate cardiac remodeling and the diagnostic utility of cardiac biomarkers, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with or without systemic hypertension. The study population included 11 healthy controls, 11 normotensive cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 16 hypertensive cats with CKD. All cats underwent a comprehensive evaluation including blood pressure measurement, serum biochemistry, biomarker analysis, and echocardiographic assessment. CKD cats exhibited significantly elevated serum concentrations of cTnI and NT-proBNP compared to the control group, with hypertensive cats demonstrating the highest levels of these markers (P

Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a new approach developed for cardiac imaging that provides better assessment of regional and global myocardial abnormalities than standard echocardiography techniques. Latest studies have demonstrated that asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have variable areas of patchy myocardial fibrosis in left ventricular myocardium. However, no previous studies in cats with feline arterial thromboembolism (ATE) have used 2D-STE to assess myocardial function. The purpose of the study was to evaluate regional radial strain variables of the left ventricle using 2D-STE in cats with ATE. Ten cats affected with ATE and ten healthy control cats were studied. Cats with ATE, in the study group, were diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). This group was further divided into both intraventricular septum (IVS) and left vetricular (LV) hypertrophy (IVS-HCM, n:5) and only LV free wall hypertrophy (LV-HCM, n:5) groups. Compared to the control group, cats in LV-HCM and IVS-HCM groups had a thicker IVSd. LVFWd were considerably higher in LV-HCM group than in both IVS-HCM and the control group (8.04 ± 0.93, 4.9 ± 0.4, 3,91 ± 0,17 respectively, P

The aim of this study is to reveal the changes in Paraoxonase and Ceruloplasmin concentrations in hair goats grazed at different altitudes. 80 hair goats living in different regions in Adana were included in the study and divided into four groups. The first group was grazed at an altitude of 10-99 meters above sea level, the second group was grazed at an altitude of 240 meters, the third group was grazed at an altitude of 750-800 meters and the fourth group was grazed at an altitude of 1200-1500 meters. Blood samples collected from the jugular vein during the summer months were taken into red-capped tubes. Paraoxonase and Ceruloplasmin analyzes were analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The results of paraoxonase in 240 meter (1113.91±84.57 U/mL) and 750-800 meter (974.27±69.58 U/mL) were found statistically higher than 10-99 meter group (651.72±52.93 U/mL; p