This article analyses competences 4.0 models created in the context of the concept of Industry 4.0. A literature review and bibliometric analyses were used to show the semantic shift of this concept over time. The results show that the 4.0 competences created in the context of Industry 4.0 assume that the skills they represent are needed in the labor market. Moreover, in most cases, analyses of competences 4.0 are carried out considering separate perspectives by researchers representing different scientific disciplines. Refining and fine-tuning a universal and detailed model of competences 4.0 is strongly recommended to bridge the gap between other scientific disciplines. Furthermore, this article presents competences 4.0 from a much broader perspective, including linguistic competences that stem from the wider domain of the ability to communicate within social competences. Linguistic competences are also interrelated with some aspects of cognitive competences. This approach makes this study completely novel and aims to present the most comprehensive and universal 4.0 model to date.

High pressures during drilling with the aim to obtain hydrocarbon formations (oil and natural gas) can cause an uncontrolled eruption. Therefore, it is necessary to look for warning signs of kicks and control the formation strength. The aim of this article is to show a real process of fracture pressures during a gas kick and their possible solutions. The evaluation of the lithological structure of formations and the correct evaluation of seismic measurements are closely related to the issue of fracture pressures. The contribution also includes software data for detailed analysis and calculations of formations pressures. We point out the incorrect calculation of the geological lithology and employ a casing shoe; it is a risky decision to use a formation integrity test as opposed to a leak of the test. Based on theoretical knowledge, we compared and verified the recalculation of pressure coefficients during the gas kick. In our case, we propose possible solutions for cracking a casing shoe. We point out the importance of correct calculations for a safe and economical purpose. In this post, a theoretical example was shown where the system of casings was correctly designed, and based on this, we obtained ideal values of the fracture pressures. In the end, we proposed an algorithm to simplify work procedures during well control to minimize formation pressures against the deposit and casing shoe.

The new concept of air traffic control favours the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Galileo over the classic navigation system. Practice shows that GNSSs are unreliable when operating in the presence of interference. That is why we examined the feasibility of measuring the distance between a Galileo receiver on board a flying object and a Galileo satellite using the E6-C pilot signal. We derived algorithms to measure the distance between the GNSS Galileo receiver and the satellite in the presence of narrowband interference. To derive algorithms for processing the E6-C signal in a global navigation satellite system receiver, we used a quasi-optimal nonlinear filtering method with a quadratic loss function. When creating the simulation models, we set the following conditions: the user receiver can demodulate the primary code of the E6-C signal, the measurement results are not affected by the E6-C transition through the atmosphere and troposphere, and the receiver operates under interference conditions. We have not yet verified the proposed distance measurement method with receiver hardware designed according to our proposed architecture. The simulation results showed that the distance measurement error between the Galileo satellite and the user receiver was +0.16 m and remained approximately the same throughout the simulation period. We verified by simulation, according to the algorithms and the selected positions of the satellites, that if we can measure all four distances of the Galileo user’s receiver from the cooperating satellites with errors that do not exceed 0.16 m, then the maximum errors in determining his X, Y, and Z coordinates would be 0.28 m. Their maximum root mean square (RMS) values were 0.11 m, with the magnitudes of these errors depending on the receiver’s position relative to the satellites. The advantage of this method is the very short convergence time. The disadvantage of the presented algorithms is the need for matrix multiplication, which places high demands on the signal processor’s data processing speed. We assume that this shortcoming can be eliminated by simplifying the algorithms, a direction that warrants further research.