Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects 50–70% of patients with dementia, making it the leading cause of dementia. The condition is classified as a neurodegenerative, progressive and incurable disease. The disease is affecting more and more people around the world. AD has a multifactorial nature, spreading from beta-amyloid deposition to inflammation in patients’ brains. Patients experience cognitive impairment and functional decline. Although it is a disease that occurs mainly in the elderly, it is increasingly being diagnosed in young people between the ages of 30 and 40. It not only affects the patient themself but also reduces the quality of life of their closest caregivers. According to the WHO, the treatment of AD consumes USD 1.3 trillion globally, but it is only symptomatic, as there are no drugs to prevent the onset of AD or treat the cause of its onset. Due to the numerous side effects of therapy and the lack of proactive drugs that act on the pathomechanism of AD, alternative therapies are being sought. One possible option that has many studies confirming its effect is phytotherapy. Many herbs have pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or neuroprotective effects, making them the future of cognitive disorders and AD treatment. This review focuses on some of the most promising herbs that have potentially potent properties and effects in AD therapy. These include Curcuma longa, Panax ginseng, Berberis and Crocus sativus. These herbs may perhaps be key in the future to make functioning and life easier for patients struggling with AD.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a real gynecological problem among women of reproductive age from 15 to 49. A recent analysis showed that 75% of women will have an occurrence at least once per year, while 5% are observed to have recurrent vaginal mycosis—these patients may become unwell four or more times a year. This pathology is caused in 85–90% of cases by fungi of the Candida albicans species. It represents an intractable medical problem for female patients due to pain and pruritus. Due to the observation of an increasing number of strains resistant to standard preparations and an increase in the recurrence of this pathology when using local or oral preferential therapy, such as fluconazole, an analysis was launched to develop alternative methods of treating VVC using herbs such as dill, turmeric, and berberine. An in-depth analysis of databases that include scientific articles from recent years made it possible to draw satisfactory conclusions supporting the validity of herbal therapy for the pathology in question. Although phytotherapy has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, it appears to be a promising therapeutic solution for strains that are resistant to existing treatments. There is research currently undergoing aimed at comparing classical pharmacotherapy and herbal therapy in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis for the purpose of increasing medical competence and knowledge for the care of the health and long-term comfort of gynecological patients.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease whose incidence is on an upward trend. The condition leads to progressive joint destruction, manifested by symptoms such as morning stiffness, pain, and swelling, all of which significantly reduce patients' quality of life. Standard therapeutic approaches, despite significant progress, are associated with side effects and do not always achieve sustained remission of the disease. For this reason, there is growing interest in complementary methods, including phytotherapy. Numerous plant raw materials exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, making them potentially valuable adjunctive components of RA treatment. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of constituents contained in plants: Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Tripterygium wilfordii and Salvia miltiorrhiza on clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters and disease activity indicators in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This systematic review was based on a comprehensive analysis of the literature from PubMed, Scopus and SpringerLink databases, covering publications from 2014 to 2025. Article selection was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, and risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0). Fourteen randomized controlled trials were included in the final analysis to ensure valid and reliable data. Phytotherapy is a rapidly evolving field that is gaining increasing relevance in modern medicine. Many herbs have potential applications in the supportive therapy of many diseases, thanks to their multidirectional pharmacological properties. Analysis of the available data indicates positive effects of Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Tripterygium wilfordii and Salvia miltiorrhiza in supportive therapy for RA patients. The study showed that better improvements in disease activity indices were obtained in patients receiving herbal-assisted therapy than patients treated with standard therapy alone. Most trials reported improvements in disease activity indices compared to control; however, in some studies - including the RCT by Javadi et al. - the between-group difference did not reach statistical significance. Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Tripterygium wilfordii and Salvia miltiorrhiza show therapeutic potential as adjunctive agents in RA therapy. They may provide many benefits, such as reducing side effects of traditional therapies, improving patients' functioning and quality of life. Despite promising research results, it is essential to develop and expand clinical trials related to phytotherapy in order to systematize knowledge regarding the safety and efficacy of phytotherapy in RA patients.

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) representing 85–90% of cases. Despite the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, primary and acquired resistance highlight the need for novel immunotherapeutic strategies. A systematic review of the literature from 2020 to 2025 was conducted according to the PICO model. Six studies were included, encompassing phase I–III clinical trials. The analysis focused on efficacy, safety, and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting TIGIT in NSCLC. TIGIT blockade enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell activity, strengthening antitumor immunity. Clinical trials, particularly with the monoclonal antibody tiragolumab combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, show promising synergistic effects. Emerging strategies, including bispecific antibodies (e.g., TIGIT/PD-1 and TIGIT/PD-L1) and experimental cell therapies, are under investigation to further improve the antitumor response. Anti-TIGIT therapies represent a highly promising approach in NSCLC. While phase III data remain limited, biomarker-driven, well-designed trials are essential. If validated, TIGIT blockade could become a key addition to immuno-oncology treatment strategies for NSCLC.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive types of breast cancer (BC), most commonly diagnosed in young premenopausal women. It is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). For this reason, therapeutic options using hormone therapy or targeted anti-HER2 treatment are significantly limited. TNBC is associated with a poor prognosis, which requires the search for new treatment strategies. A promising option is the use of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) directed against Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (Trop-2), namely Sacituzumab govitecan (SG). Recent findings indicate that, beyond its direct cytotoxic effect, SG may also induce immunogenic cell death, remodel the tumor immune microenvironment, and enhance antitumor immune responses—features that make it a molecule of particular relevance in immuno-oncology. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted based on databases from PubMed, Web of Science and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry using the keywords: ‘Sacituzumab govitecan’, ‘Triple-negative breast cancer’, ‘Antibody–drug conjugate’, ‘metastatic triple-negative breast cancer’, ‘Trop-2’. The inclusion criteria covered studies from 2017 to 2025. Ultimately, after a thorough analysis, 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 4 single-arm studies were included in the review. Results: Analysis of clinical trial results evaluating the safety and efficacy of SG in TNBC therapy showed promising therapeutic potential for the drug. Significant improvements were observed in key clinical parameters, such as overall response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). In addition, the safety profile was acceptable and consistent with previous reports, with the most commonly reported adverse events being neutropenia, diarrhea and alopecia, which were well controlled in most cases. Conclusion: Due to its aggressive course and poor prognosis, TNBC remains a therapeutic challenge. SG is a promising therapeutic option, but further studies are needed, especially randomized controlled trials and studies on combinations with immunotherapy, to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients. Importantly, SG also exhibits immunomodulatory potential through the induction of immunogenic cell death and enhancement of immune effector activity, positioning it as a bridge between cytotoxic and immune-based therapeutic strategies in TNBC.

Endometriosis involves oestrogen-dependent chronic inflammation and the abnormal proliferation of ectopic endometrial tissue. Conventional hormonal therapies suppress systemic oestrogen, but do not fully address local oxidative and inflammatory signalling. This review provides a mechanistic synthesis of recent molecular evidence. This evidence is on four FDA-recognized (Food and Drug Administration) medicinal plants. These are Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Silybum marianum. The review highlights their capacity to modulate key intracellular pathways. These pathways are implicated in endometriosis. The review covers the integration of phytochemical-specific actions within NF-κB- (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), COX-2-(Cyclooxygenase-2), PI3K/Akt-(PI3K/Akt signaling pathway), Nrf2/ARE-(Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2) and ERβ-(Estrogen receptor beta) mediated networks, which jointly regulate cytokine secretion, apoptosis, angiogenesis and redox balance in endometrial lesions. Curcumin downregulates COX-2 and aromatase while activating Nrf2 signalling, shogaol from ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis, isoliquiritigenin from liquorice inhibits HMGB1-TLR4–NF-κB (High Mobility Group Box 1, Toll-like receptor 4) activation, and silymarin from milk thistle reduces IL-6 (Interleukin-6) and miR-155 (microRNA-155) expression while enhancing antioxidant capacity. Together, these phytochemicals demonstrate pharmacodynamic complementarity with hormonal agents by targeting local inflammatory and oxidative circuits rather than systemic endocrine axes. This mechanistic framework supports the rational integration of phytotherapy into endometriosis management and identifies redox-inflammatory signalling nodes as future translational targets.