The pronounced spatial heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of the tumor microenvironment represent key factors limiting the sustained therapeutic efficacy of anti-tumor drugs in solid tumors. Traditional drug delivery strategies often rely on spatiotemporally uniform delivery profiles, making it difficult to match the complex structural organization and continuously evolving biological states within tumor tissues. This results in uneven drug distribution, limited therapeutic windows, and the development of drug resistance. In recent years, 3D-printing and bioprinting technologies, as layer-by-layer manufacturing methods based on digital design, have provided new solutions for constructing drug delivery systems with modifiable structures, partitioned spatial organization, and programmable time-release capabilities. By precisely controlling the arrangement of materials, bioactive molecules, and cells in three-dimensional space, these systems can not only achieve fine spatiotemporal regulation of the drug delivery process but also integrate cells, extracellular matrix, and mechanical cues during delivery, thereby partially reshaping the tumor microenvironment. This paper systematically reviews the design strategies and latest advancements of 3D-printing and bioprinting delivery systems in achieving spatiotemporally controllable drug delivery within the tumor microenvironment, focusing on their advantages in spatial regulation, temporal response, and tumor microenvironment reprogramming, while analyzing the current key challenges and clinical translation prospects, aiming to provide references for the rational design of next-generation tumor delivery systems.

Ultrasound can alter the state of lipid membranes through mechanical, thermal, and sonochemical effects. Moving beyond the view of membranes as passive carriers, this review examines membranes as both targets of ultrasound-induced stimuli and tunable functional interfaces in cancer nanomedicine. We compare the acoustic response characteristics of natural cell membranes, artificial lipid membranes, and hybrid membranes from the perspective of membrane engineering, discussing how membrane deformation, phase transition, and oxidation contribute to hypoxia alleviation, localized drug release, combination therapy, and immune modulation, while the evidence directly linking membrane changes to therapeutic outcomes remains limited. We propose that a key to clinical translation is to establish a quantifiable and reproducible relationship between membrane composition, in situ acoustic exposure, membrane response, and therapeutic output. Redefining membranes as tunable acoustic-responsive interfaces could provide a more controllable design framework for ultrasound-enhanced cancer nanotherapy.