Fencing enclosures play an important role in improving ecological quality. There is a direct impact of implementing fencing enclosures on the change in soil quality. The soil quality index was used to examine the effects of fencing enclosures for different years (7 and 11 years) on soil quality in Biru County of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. The fencing enclosure significantly increased soil water content, non-capillary porosity, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, and significantly decreased the soil bulk density. The soil quality gradually improved as the fencing enclosure time length increased, probably due to the increase of vegetation coverage and biomass under the fencing enclosure. The minimum data set was composed of soil organic matter, capillary porosity, total potassium, and non-capillary porosity. The minimum data set was significantly correlated with the total data set and could replace the total data set for soil quality evaluation in the fencing enclosure project area. In summary, our study reflects that fencing enclosures significantly improve soil quality, and the implementation of the fencing enclosure project will effectively curb land degradation in Biru County of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China.

Gully Land Consolidation (GLC) is a proven method to create farmlands and increase crop yields in the Loess Hilly and Gully Region, China. However, GLC influences phreatic water transformation and might cause the farmlands water disasters, such as salinization and swamping. For exploring the influence of GLC on phreatic water transformation and mitigating disasters, a series of indoor experiments were conducted in the artificial rainfall hall. Then, we simulated the phreatic water transformation patterns under more conditions with HYDRUS-3D. Finally, an engineering demonstration in the field was performed to validate our research. The indoor experiments indicated that GLC could increase phreatic water outflow rate 4.39 times and phreatic water coefficient (PWC) 2.86 times with a considerable delay. After calibration and validation with experimental data, the HYDRUS-3D was used to simulate phreatic water transformation under more soil thickness and rainfall intensities. Accordingly, we summarized the relationship among PWC, rainfall intensities, and soil thickness, and therefore suggested a blind ditch system to alleviate farmlands disasters. Field application showed that a blind ditch system could avoid disasters with 3.2 times the phreatic water transformation rate compared to loess. Our research provides implications for sustainable land uses and management in the region with thick soil covers.

The pronounced spatial heterogeneity and dynamic evolution of the tumor microenvironment represent key factors limiting the sustained therapeutic efficacy of anti-tumor drugs in solid tumors. Traditional drug delivery strategies often rely on spatiotemporally uniform delivery profiles, making it difficult to match the complex structural organization and continuously evolving biological states within tumor tissues. This results in uneven drug distribution, limited therapeutic windows, and the development of drug resistance. In recent years, 3D-printing and bioprinting technologies, as layer-by-layer manufacturing methods based on digital design, have provided new solutions for constructing drug delivery systems with modifiable structures, partitioned spatial organization, and programmable time-release capabilities. By precisely controlling the arrangement of materials, bioactive molecules, and cells in three-dimensional space, these systems can not only achieve fine spatiotemporal regulation of the drug delivery process but also integrate cells, extracellular matrix, and mechanical cues during delivery, thereby partially reshaping the tumor microenvironment. This paper systematically reviews the design strategies and latest advancements of 3D-printing and bioprinting delivery systems in achieving spatiotemporally controllable drug delivery within the tumor microenvironment, focusing on their advantages in spatial regulation, temporal response, and tumor microenvironment reprogramming, while analyzing the current key challenges and clinical translation prospects, aiming to provide references for the rational design of next-generation tumor delivery systems.