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The effect of crump rubber on the dry sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites is investigated in the present study. Wear tests are carried out for three levels of crump rubber (10, 20, and 30 vol.%), normal applied load (30, 40, and 50 N), and sliding distance (1, 3, and 5 km). The wear behavior of crump rubber–epoxy composites is investigated against EN31 steel discs. The hybrid mathematical approach of Taguchi-coupled Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) - Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to examine the influence of crump rubber on the tribological response of composites. Mathematical and experimental results reveal that increasing crump rubber content reduces the wear rate of composites. Composites also show a significant decrease in specific wear values at higher applied loads. Furthermore, the coefficient of friction also shows a decreasing trend with an increase in crump rubber content, indicating the effectiveness of reinforcing crump rubber in a widely used epoxy matrix. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results also reveal that the crump rubber content in the composite is a significant parameter to influence the wear characteristic. The post-test temperature of discs increases with an increase in the applied load, while decreasing with an increase in filler loading. Worn surfaces are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand structure–property correlations. Finally, existing studies available in the literature are compared with the wear data of the present study in the form of a property map.
Kiran Shahapurkar; Venkatesh Chenrayan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; Pavan Shahapurkar; Ashraf Elfasakhany; Ma Mujtaba; Irfanul Haque Siddiqui; Masood Ashraf Ali; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Leverage of Environmental Pollutant Crump Rubber on the Dry Sliding Wear Response of Epoxy Composites. Polymers 2021, 13, 2894 .
AMA StyleKiran Shahapurkar, Venkatesh Chenrayan, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Pavan Shahapurkar, Ashraf Elfasakhany, Ma Mujtaba, Irfanul Haque Siddiqui, Masood Ashraf Ali, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Leverage of Environmental Pollutant Crump Rubber on the Dry Sliding Wear Response of Epoxy Composites. Polymers. 2021; 13 (17):2894.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiran Shahapurkar; Venkatesh Chenrayan; Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; Pavan Shahapurkar; Ashraf Elfasakhany; Ma Mujtaba; Irfanul Haque Siddiqui; Masood Ashraf Ali; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2021. "Leverage of Environmental Pollutant Crump Rubber on the Dry Sliding Wear Response of Epoxy Composites." Polymers 13, no. 17: 2894.
This article presents an investigation of heat transfer in a porous medium adjacent to a vertical plate. The porous medium is subjected to a magnetohydrodynamic effect and suction velocity. The governing equations are nondepersonalized and converted into ordinary differential equations. The resulting equations are solved with the help of the finite difference method. The impact of various parameters, such as the Prandtl number, Grashof number, permeability parameter, radiation parameter, Eckert number, viscous dissipation parameter, and magnetic parameter, on fluid flow characteristics inside the porous medium is discussed. Entropy generation in the medium is analyzed with respect to various parameters, including the Brinkman number and Reynolds number. It is noted that the velocity profile decreases in magnitude with respect to the Prandtl number, but increases with the radiation parameter. The Eckert number has a marginal effect on the velocity profile. An increased radiation effect leads to a reduced thermal gradient at the hot surface.
N. Ameer Ahammad; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; Sarfaraz Kamangar; H.M.T. Khaleed; C. Ahamed Saleel; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Heat Transfer and Entropy in a Vertical Porous Plate Subjected to Suction Velocity and MHD. Entropy 2021, 23, 1069 .
AMA StyleN. Ameer Ahammad, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Sarfaraz Kamangar, H.M.T. Khaleed, C. Ahamed Saleel, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Heat Transfer and Entropy in a Vertical Porous Plate Subjected to Suction Velocity and MHD. Entropy. 2021; 23 (8):1069.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Ameer Ahammad; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; Sarfaraz Kamangar; H.M.T. Khaleed; C. Ahamed Saleel; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2021. "Heat Transfer and Entropy in a Vertical Porous Plate Subjected to Suction Velocity and MHD." Entropy 23, no. 8: 1069.
In the current work, an effort is made to study the influence of injection timing (IT) and injection duration (ID) of manifold injected fuels (MIF) in the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and compressed biogas (CBG) are used as the MIF along with diesel and blends of Thevetia Peruviana methyl ester (TPME) are used as the direct injected fuels (DIF). The ITs of the MIF that were studied includes 45° ATDC, 50° ATDC, and 55° ATDC. Also, present study includes impact of various IDs of the MIF such as 3, 6, and 9 ms on RCCI mode of combustion. The complete experimental work is conducted at 75% of rated power. The results show that among the different ITs studied, the D+CNG mixture exhibits higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), about 29.32% is observed at 50° ATDC IT, which is about 1.77, 3.58, 5.56, 7.51, and 8.54% higher than D+CBG, B20+CNG, B20+CBG, B100+CNG, and B100+CBG fuel combinations. The highest BTE, about 30.25%, is found for the D+CNG fuel combination at 6 ms ID, which is about 1.69, 3.48, 5.32%, 7.24, and 9.16% higher as compared with the D+CBG, B20+CNG, B20+CBG, B100+CNG, and B100+CBG fuel combinations. At all ITs and IDs, higher emissions of nitric oxide (NOx) along with lower emissions of smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) are found for D+CNG mixture as related to other fuel mixtures. At all ITs and IDs, D+CNG gives higher In-cylinder pressure (ICP) and heat release rate (HRR) as compared with other fuel combinations.
P. Harari; N. Banapurmath; V. Yaliwal; T. Khan; Irfan Badruddin; Sarfaraz Kamangar; Teuku Mahlia. Effect of Injection Timing and Injection Duration of Manifold Injected Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Renewable Fuels. Energies 2021, 14, 4621 .
AMA StyleP. Harari, N. Banapurmath, V. Yaliwal, T. Khan, Irfan Badruddin, Sarfaraz Kamangar, Teuku Mahlia. Effect of Injection Timing and Injection Duration of Manifold Injected Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Renewable Fuels. Energies. 2021; 14 (15):4621.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Harari; N. Banapurmath; V. Yaliwal; T. Khan; Irfan Badruddin; Sarfaraz Kamangar; Teuku Mahlia. 2021. "Effect of Injection Timing and Injection Duration of Manifold Injected Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Renewable Fuels." Energies 14, no. 15: 4621.
Air pollution caused by vehicle emissions has raised serious public health concerns. Vehicle emissions generally depend on many factors, such as the nature of the vehicle, driving style, traffic conditions, emission control technologies, and operational conditions. Concerns about the certification cycles used by various regulatory authorities are growing due to the difference in emission during certification procedure and Real Driving Emissions (RDE). Under laboratory conditions, certification tests are performed in a ‘chassis dynamometer’ for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and an ‘engine dynamometer’ for heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). As a result, the test drive cycles used to measure the automotive emissions do not correctly reflect the vehicle’s real-world driving pattern. Consequently, the RDE regulation is being phased in to reduce the disparity between type approval and vehicle’s real-world emissions. According to this review, different variables such as traffic signals, driving dynamics, congestions, altitude, ambient temperature, and so on have a major influence on actual driving pollution. Aside from that, cold-start and hot-start have been shown to have an effect on on-road pollution. Contrary to common opinion, new technology such as start-stop systems boost automotive emissions rather than decreasing them owing to unfavourable conditions from the point of view of exhaust emissions and exhaust after-treatment systems. In addition, the driving dynamics are not represented in the current laboratory-based test procedures. As a result, it is critical to establish an on-road testing protocol to obtain a true representation of vehicular emissions and reduce emissions to a standard level. The incorporation of RDE clauses into certification procedures would have a positive impact on global air quality.
S. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies 2021, 14, 4195 .
AMA StyleS. Rahman, I. Fattah, Hwai Ong, Fajle Ashik, Mohammad Hassan, Tausif Murshed, Ashraful Imran, Rahman, Rahman, Mohammad Hasan, T. Mahlia. State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. Energies. 2021; 14 (14):4195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Rahman; I. Fattah; Hwai Ong; Fajle Ashik; Mohammad Hassan; Tausif Murshed; Ashraful Imran; Rahman; Rahman; Mohammad Hasan; T. Mahlia. 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 14: 4195.
The catalytic and thermal decomposition of plastic waste to fuels over low-cost catalysts like zeolite, clay, and bimetallic material is highlighted. In this paper, several relevant studies are examined, specifically the effects of each type of catalyst used on the characteristics and product distribution of the produced products. The type of catalyst plays an important role in the decomposition of plastic waste and the characteristics of the oil yields and quality. In addition, the quality and yield of the oil products depend on several factors such as (i) the operating temperature, (ii) the ratio of plastic waste and catalyst, and (iii) the type of reactor. The development of low-cost catalysts is revisited for designing better and effective materials for plastic solid waste (PSW) conversion to oil/bio-oil products.
Ganjar Fadillah; IS Fatimah; Imam Sahroni; Muhammad Musawwa; Teuku Mahlia; Oki Muraza. Recent Progress in Low-Cost Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Fuels. Catalysts 2021, 11, 837 .
AMA StyleGanjar Fadillah, IS Fatimah, Imam Sahroni, Muhammad Musawwa, Teuku Mahlia, Oki Muraza. Recent Progress in Low-Cost Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Fuels. Catalysts. 2021; 11 (7):837.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanjar Fadillah; IS Fatimah; Imam Sahroni; Muhammad Musawwa; Teuku Mahlia; Oki Muraza. 2021. "Recent Progress in Low-Cost Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste to Fuels." Catalysts 11, no. 7: 837.
Final energy use in Malaysia by the transport sector accounts for a consistent share of around 40% and even more in some years within the past two decades. Amongst all modes of transport, land transport dominates and within land transport, private travels are thought to be the biggest contributor. Personal mobility is dominated by the use of conventional internal-combustion-engine-powered vehicles (ICE), with the ownership trend of private cars has not shown any signs of tapering-off. Fuel consumption by private cars is currently not governed by a national policy on fuel economy standards. This is in contrast against not only the many developed economies, but even amongst some of the ASEAN neighbouring countries. The lack of fuel economy standards has resulted in the loss of potentially tremendous savings in fuel consumption and emission mitigation. This study analysed the increase in private vehicle stock to date, the natural fuel economy improvements brought by technology in a business as usual (BAU) situation, and the additional potential energy savings as well as emissions reduction in the ideal case of mandatory fuel economy standards for motor vehicles, specifically cars in Malaysia. The model uses the latest available data, relevant and most current parameters for the simulation and projection of the future scenario. It is found that the application of the fuel economy standards policy for cars in Malaysia is long overdue and that the country could benefit from the immediate implementation of fuel economy standards.
Ahmad Muzakir; Eng Yap; Teuku Mahlia. The Way towards an Energy Efficient Transportation by Implementation of Fuel Economy Standards: Fuel Savings and Emissions Mitigation. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7348 .
AMA StyleAhmad Muzakir, Eng Yap, Teuku Mahlia. The Way towards an Energy Efficient Transportation by Implementation of Fuel Economy Standards: Fuel Savings and Emissions Mitigation. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7348.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmad Muzakir; Eng Yap; Teuku Mahlia. 2021. "The Way towards an Energy Efficient Transportation by Implementation of Fuel Economy Standards: Fuel Savings and Emissions Mitigation." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7348.
Global energy sources are being transformed from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind, solar and hydrogen. The biggest challenge with hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier is the storage and delivery system’s complexity. Therefore, other media such as ammonia for indirect storage are now being considered. Research has shown that at reasonable pressures, ammonia is easily contained as a liquid. In this form, energy density is approximately half of that of gasoline and ten times more than batteries. Ammonia can provide effective storage of renewable energy through its existing storage and distribution network. In this article, we aimed to analyse the previous studies and the current research on the preparation of ammonia as a next-generation renewable energy carrier. The study focuses on technical advances emerging in ammonia synthesis technologies, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and plasmacatalysis. Ammonia is now also strongly regarded as fuel in the transport, industrial and power sectors and is relatively more versatile in reducing CO2 emissions. Therefore, the utilisation of ammonia as a renewable energy carrier plays a significant role in reducing GHG emissions. Finally, the simplicity of ammonia processing, transport and use makes it an appealing choice for the link between the development of renewable energy and demand.
Muhammad Hasan; Teuku Mahlia; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Fitri Handayani; Hwai Ong; A. Silitonga. A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier. Energies 2021, 14, 3732 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Hasan, Teuku Mahlia, M. Mofijur, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, Fitri Handayani, Hwai Ong, A. Silitonga. A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3732.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Hasan; Teuku Mahlia; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Fitri Handayani; Hwai Ong; A. Silitonga. 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier." Energies 14, no. 13: 3732.
A severe energy crisis has plagued Yemen for decades, and most of the population lack access to electricity. This has harmed the country’s economic, social, and industrial growth. Yemen generates electricity mainly from fossil fuels, despite having a high potential for renewable energy. Unfortunately, the situation has recently been compounded by the country’s continuing war, which has been ongoing since early 2015. It has impacted the country’s energy infrastructure negatively, resulting in power outages. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an updated perspective on Yemen’s current energy crisis and explain its key issues and potential solutions. Besides, it examines the potential, development, and current state of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and biomass. Based on the findings, Yemen is one of the world’s wealthiest countries in terms of sunlight and wind speed, and these two resources are abundant in all regions of the country. In addition, this paper sheds light on the solar energy revolution that has arisen since the war started due to the complete outage of the national electricity. Within a few years, solar energy in Yemen has increased its capacity by 50 times and has recently become the primary source of electricity for most Yemenis. Furthermore, the paper discusses the difficulties and challenges that face the implementation of renewable energy investment projects. Numerous recommendations for potential improvements in Yemen’s widespread use of renewable energy are also provided in this paper. All of the ideas presented in this paper are hoped to increase the efforts to grow renewable energy production in Yemen, thereby solving the issues of energy poverty and reducing environmental effects. The presented analysis can be used as a scientific reference for researchers and industrial companies looking for suitable solutions to advance Yemen’s renewable energy.
Ali Q. Al-Shetwi; M. A. Hannan; Majid A. Abdullah; M. S. A. Rahman; Pin Jern Ker; Ammar A. Alkahtani; T. M. Indra Mahlia; K. M. Muttaqi. Utilization of Renewable Energy for Power Sector in Yemen: Current Status and Potential Capabilities. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 79278 -79292.
AMA StyleAli Q. Al-Shetwi, M. A. Hannan, Majid A. Abdullah, M. S. A. Rahman, Pin Jern Ker, Ammar A. Alkahtani, T. M. Indra Mahlia, K. M. Muttaqi. Utilization of Renewable Energy for Power Sector in Yemen: Current Status and Potential Capabilities. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():79278-79292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Q. Al-Shetwi; M. A. Hannan; Majid A. Abdullah; M. S. A. Rahman; Pin Jern Ker; Ammar A. Alkahtani; T. M. Indra Mahlia; K. M. Muttaqi. 2021. "Utilization of Renewable Energy for Power Sector in Yemen: Current Status and Potential Capabilities." IEEE Access 9, no. : 79278-79292.
The limitation of fossil fuel sources and negative environmental impact persuade scientists around the world to find a solution. One possible solution is by using renewable fuel to replace fossil fuel with an inexpensive, fast, and effective production process. The objective of this study is to investigate the biodiesel production from crude Reutealis trisperma oil using the conventional and the ultrasonic bath stirrer method through the esterification and transesterification process. The result shows that the most effective reaction time with an optimum condition for the esterification and transesterification of Reutealis trisperma oil is at 2 h 30 min by using the ultrasonic bath stirrer method. The optimum conditions at a temperature of 55 °C for the esterification and at 60 °C for transesterification with 2% (v/v) of sulphuric acid with catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt.% were a methanol-to-oil ratio of 60%, and agitation speed of 1000 rpm. This optimum condition gives the highest yield of 95.29% for the Reutealis trisperma biodiesel. The results showed that the ultrasonic bath stirrer method had more effect on the reaction time needed than using the conventional method and reduced half of the conventional method reaction time. Finally, the properties of Reutealis trisperma biodiesel fulfilled the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards with density, 892 kg/m3; pour point, −2 °C; cloud point, −1 °C; flash point, 206.5 °C; calorific value, 40.098 MJ/kg; and acid value, 0.26 mg KOH/g.
Teuku Riayatsyah; Razali Thaib; Arridina Silitonga; Jassinnee Milano; Abd. Shamsuddin; Abdi Sebayang; Rahmawaty; Joko Sutrisno; Teuku Mahlia. Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3350 .
AMA StyleTeuku Riayatsyah, Razali Thaib, Arridina Silitonga, Jassinnee Milano, Abd. Shamsuddin, Abdi Sebayang, Rahmawaty, Joko Sutrisno, Teuku Mahlia. Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3350.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeuku Riayatsyah; Razali Thaib; Arridina Silitonga; Jassinnee Milano; Abd. Shamsuddin; Abdi Sebayang; Rahmawaty; Joko Sutrisno; Teuku Mahlia. 2021. "Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3350.
Buildings account for a significant amount of energy consumption leading to the issues of global emissions and climate change. Thus, energy management in a building is increasingly explored due to its significant potential in reducing the overall electricity expenses for the consumers and mitigating carbon emissions. In line with that, the greater control and optimization of energy management integrated with renewable energy resources is required to improve building energy efficiency while satisfying indoor environment comfort. Even though actions are being taken to reduce the energy consumption in buildings with several optimization and controller techniques, yet some issues remain unsolved. Therefore, this work provides a comprehensive review of the conventional and intelligent control methods with emphasis on their classification, features, configuration, benefits, and drawbacks. This review critically investigates the different optimization objectives and constraints with respect to comfort management, energy consumption, and scheduling. Furthermore, the review outlines the different methodological approaches to optimization algorithms used in building energy management. The contributions of controller and optimization in building energy management with the relation of sustainable development goals (SDGs) are explained rigorously. Discussions on the key challenges of the existing methods are presented to identify the gaps for future research. The review delivers some effective future directions that would be beneficial to the researchers and industrialists to design an efficiently optimized controller for building energy management toward targeting SDGs.
K. Parvin; M. S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Majid A. Abdullah; Ker Pin Jern; R. A. Begum; Muhamad Mansur; Kashem M. Muttaqi; T. M. Indra Mahlia; Zhao Yang Dong. Intelligent Controllers and Optimization Algorithms for Building Energy Management Towards Achieving Sustainable Development: Challenges and Prospects. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 41577 -41602.
AMA StyleK. Parvin, M. S. Hossain Lipu, M. A. Hannan, Majid A. Abdullah, Ker Pin Jern, R. A. Begum, Muhamad Mansur, Kashem M. Muttaqi, T. M. Indra Mahlia, Zhao Yang Dong. Intelligent Controllers and Optimization Algorithms for Building Energy Management Towards Achieving Sustainable Development: Challenges and Prospects. IEEE Access. 2021; 9 ():41577-41602.
Chicago/Turabian StyleK. Parvin; M. S. Hossain Lipu; M. A. Hannan; Majid A. Abdullah; Ker Pin Jern; R. A. Begum; Muhamad Mansur; Kashem M. Muttaqi; T. M. Indra Mahlia; Zhao Yang Dong. 2021. "Intelligent Controllers and Optimization Algorithms for Building Energy Management Towards Achieving Sustainable Development: Challenges and Prospects." IEEE Access 9, no. : 41577-41602.
Electric vehicles are a leading candidate in the clean energy market. This paper aims to analyse the feasibility of the deployment of electric buses (EB) based on the existing bus routes in Brunei, by the use of life cycle cost analysis and the analysis of the parameters that influence the overall life cycle cost. The findings from the study revealed that EB are significantly more expensive than diesel buses (DB), with their acquisition and maintenance costs contributing substantially to their overall life cycle cost. In order to promote EB deployment, the government needs to look simultaneously into providing subsidies for EB and imposing taxes on DB, the provision of charging infrastructure, and ensuring maintenance capability, as well as increasing the current subsidised diesel price. It was also shown that increasing the cost of diesel to the average US diesel price of USD$3.101/L, an initial subsidy of USD$67,586 towards the purchase of EB, and a tax of USD$67,586 for the purchase of DB would allow EB to compete in the market, with the amount of tax and subsidy being gradually reducible over time, as EB and battery technology becomes more mature. From an environmental perspective, the emissions from EB come out higher than the emissions from DB. The efficiency of electric power generation needs to be enhanced, and renewable energy sources and the adoption of carbon capture technology need to be explored in order to exploit the full benefit of EB and ensure more environmentally sustainable bus operation.
Nurizyan Yusof; Pg Abas; T. Mahlia; M. Hannan. Techno-Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact of Electric Buses. World Electric Vehicle Journal 2021, 12, 31 .
AMA StyleNurizyan Yusof, Pg Abas, T. Mahlia, M. Hannan. Techno-Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact of Electric Buses. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2021; 12 (1):31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurizyan Yusof; Pg Abas; T. Mahlia; M. Hannan. 2021. "Techno-Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact of Electric Buses." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 1: 31.
Globally, the research on battery technology in electric vehicle applications is advancing tremendously to address the carbon emissions and global warming issues. The effectiveness of electric vehicles depends on the accurate assessment of key parameters as well as proper functionality and diagnosis of the battery storage system. However, poor monitoring and safety strategies of the battery storage system can lead to critical issues such as battery overcharging, over-discharging, overheating, cell unbalancing, thermal runaway, and fire hazards. To address these concerns, an effective battery management system plays a crucial role in enhancing battery performance including precise monitoring, charging-discharging control, heat management, battery safety, and protection. The goal of this paper is to deliver a comprehensive review of different intelligent approaches and control schemes of the battery management system in electric vehicle applications. In line with that, the review evaluates the intelligent algorithms in battery state estimation concerning their features, structure, configuration, accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages. Moreover, the review explores the various controllers in battery heating, cooling, equalization, and protection highlighting categories, characteristics, targets, achievements, benefits, and shortcomings. The key issues and challenges in terms of computation complexity, execution problems along with various internal and external factors are identified. Finally, future opportunities and directions are delivered to design an efficient intelligent algorithm and controller toward the development of an advanced battery management system for future sustainable electric vehicle applications.
M.S. Hossain Lipu; M.A. Hannan; Tahia F. Karim; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md Saad; Afida Ayob; Sazal Miah; T.M. Indra Mahlia. Intelligent algorithms and control strategies for battery management system in electric vehicles: Progress, challenges and future outlook. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 292, 126044 .
AMA StyleM.S. Hossain Lipu, M.A. Hannan, Tahia F. Karim, Aini Hussain, Mohamad Hanif Md Saad, Afida Ayob, Sazal Miah, T.M. Indra Mahlia. Intelligent algorithms and control strategies for battery management system in electric vehicles: Progress, challenges and future outlook. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 292 ():126044.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM.S. Hossain Lipu; M.A. Hannan; Tahia F. Karim; Aini Hussain; Mohamad Hanif Md Saad; Afida Ayob; Sazal Miah; T.M. Indra Mahlia. 2021. "Intelligent algorithms and control strategies for battery management system in electric vehicles: Progress, challenges and future outlook." Journal of Cleaner Production 292, no. : 126044.
In this novel study, oil was extracted from the kernel of an exotic indigenous species known as Canarium odontophyllum via an ultrasound-assisted process. The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD). The optimal conditions for the investigated parameters were determined as ultrasound amplitude level: 38.30%, ratio of n-hexane to kernel powder: 50:1 in mL/g, extraction time: 45.79 min, resulting in an oil extraction yield of 63.48%. For verification purposes, experiments were conducted using the same optimized values of the investigated parameters which resulted in the average oil yield of 63.27% and this prove the reliability of the regression model. The extracted oil’s fatty acid composition was obtained using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with flame-ionization detection (FID). The low acid value of the extracted oil is another interesting finding. This is important because it circumvents pretreatment processes such as degumming and esterification prior to the transesterification process. Biodiesel was produced from the oil via ultrasound-assisted transesterification, with a yield of 95.2%. Physiochemical properties of the C. odontophyllum biodiesel were determined, and it was found that all the tested properties comply with fuel specifications based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. Significant savings of 52.3% and 80.9% in energy consumption and extraction time, respectively were achieved via ultrasound-assisted extraction compared with the conventional Soxhlet extraction. This study establishes the foundation and the need to further explore the usage of C. odontophyllum as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production.
Fazril Ideris; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Fitranto Kusumo; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Mei Yin Ong; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 288, 125563 .
AMA StyleFazril Ideris, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Saifuddin Nomanbhay, Fitranto Kusumo, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Mei Yin Ong, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 288 ():125563.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFazril Ideris; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Saifuddin Nomanbhay; Fitranto Kusumo; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Mei Yin Ong; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2020. "Optimization of ultrasound-assisted oil extraction from Canarium odontophyllum kernel as a novel biodiesel feedstock." Journal of Cleaner Production 288, no. : 125563.
Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.
I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; M.Y. Noraini; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Yunus Khan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T.M.I. Mahlia. Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6103 .
AMA StyleI.M. Rizwanul Fattah, M.Y. Noraini, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T.M. Yunus Khan, Hwai Chyuan Ong, T.M.I. Mahlia. Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):6103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI.M. Rizwanul Fattah; M.Y. Noraini; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Yunus Khan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T.M.I. Mahlia. 2020. "Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6103.
Three-phase induction motors (TIMs) are widely used for machines in industrial operations. As an accurate and robust controller, fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is crucial in designing TIMs control systems. The performance of FLC highly depends on the membership function (MF) variables, which are evaluated by heuristic approaches, leading to a high processing time. To address these issues, optimisation algorithms for TIMs have received increasing interest among researchers and industrialists. Here, we present an advanced and efficient quantum-inspired lightning search algorithm (QLSA) to avoid exhaustive conventional heuristic procedures when obtaining MFs. The accuracy of the QLSA based FLC (QLSAF) speed control is superior to other controllers in terms of transient response, damping capability and minimisation of statistical errors under diverse speeds and loads. The performance of the proposed QLSAF speed controller is validated through experiments. Test results under different conditions show consistent speed responses and stator currents with the simulation results.
M. A. Hannan; Jamal Abd. Ali; M. S. Hossain Lipu; A. Mohamed; Pin Jern Ker; T. M. Indra Mahlia; M. Mansor; Aini Hussain; Kashem M. Muttaqi; Z. Y. Dong. Role of optimization algorithms based fuzzy controller in achieving induction motor performance enhancement. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 1 -11.
AMA StyleM. A. Hannan, Jamal Abd. Ali, M. S. Hossain Lipu, A. Mohamed, Pin Jern Ker, T. M. Indra Mahlia, M. Mansor, Aini Hussain, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Z. Y. Dong. Role of optimization algorithms based fuzzy controller in achieving induction motor performance enhancement. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. A. Hannan; Jamal Abd. Ali; M. S. Hossain Lipu; A. Mohamed; Pin Jern Ker; T. M. Indra Mahlia; M. Mansor; Aini Hussain; Kashem M. Muttaqi; Z. Y. Dong. 2020. "Role of optimization algorithms based fuzzy controller in achieving induction motor performance enhancement." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 1-11.
Recently, the global population has increased sharply, unfortunately, the availability of fossil fuel resources has significantly decreased. This phenomenon has become an attractive issue for many researchers in the world so that various studies in the context of finding renewable energy are developing continuously. Relating to this challenge, this research has been part of scientific work in the context of preparing an energy briquette employing palm oil stems and glycerol crude of biodiesel byproducts as inexpensive and green materials easily found in the Riau province, Indonesia. Technically, the palm oil stems are used for the production of charcoal particles and the glycerol crude as an adhesive compound in the production of energy briquettes. The heating value of palm oil stem is 17,180 kJ/kg, which can be increased to an even higher value through a carbonization process followed by a densification process so that it can be used as a potential matrix to produce energy briquettes. In detail, this study was designed to find out several parameters including the effect of sieve sizes consisting of 60, 80, and 100 mesh, respectively, which are used for the preparation of charcoal particles as the main matrix for the manufacture of the briquettes; the effect of charcoal-adhesive ratios (wt) of 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20; and the effect of varied pressures of 100, 110, and 120 kg/cm2 on the briquette quality. The quality of the obtained briquettes is analyzed through the observation of important properties which involve the heating value and the compressive strength using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the produced briquettes had an optimum heating value of 30,670 kJ/kg, while their loaded charcoal particles resulted from the mesh sieve of 80, in which there was a charcoal loading of 53 g and it pressed at 93.1821 bar, whereas, the compressive strength value of the briquette was 100,608 kg/cm2, which loaded charcoal particles from the mesh sieve of 100, the charcoal-adhesive ratio of 53:47 (wt) and the pressure of 93.1821 bar.
Zuchra Helwani; Muliadi Ramli; Asep Rusyana; Marlina Marlina; Warman Fatra; Ghazi Mauer Idroes; Rivansyah Suhendra; Viqha Ashwie; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Rinaldi Idroes. Alternative Briquette Material Made from Palm Stem Biomass Mediated by Glycerol Crude of Biodiesel Byproducts as a Natural Adhesive. Processes 2020, 8, 777 .
AMA StyleZuchra Helwani, Muliadi Ramli, Asep Rusyana, Marlina Marlina, Warman Fatra, Ghazi Mauer Idroes, Rivansyah Suhendra, Viqha Ashwie, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Rinaldi Idroes. Alternative Briquette Material Made from Palm Stem Biomass Mediated by Glycerol Crude of Biodiesel Byproducts as a Natural Adhesive. Processes. 2020; 8 (7):777.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZuchra Helwani; Muliadi Ramli; Asep Rusyana; Marlina Marlina; Warman Fatra; Ghazi Mauer Idroes; Rivansyah Suhendra; Viqha Ashwie; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Rinaldi Idroes. 2020. "Alternative Briquette Material Made from Palm Stem Biomass Mediated by Glycerol Crude of Biodiesel Byproducts as a Natural Adhesive." Processes 8, no. 7: 777.
The present investigation aimed to study the physicochemical characteristics of supported catalysts comprising various percentages of zinc dispersed over SiO2. The physiochemical properties of these catalysts were surveyed by N2 physisorption (BET), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), H2 temperature-programmed reduction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). In addition, to examine the activity and performance of the catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of the bio-oil oxygenated compounds, the experimental reaction runs, as well as stability and durability tests, were performed using 3% Zn/SiO2 as the catalyst. Characterization of silica-supported zinc catalysts revealed an even dispersion of the active site over the support in the various dopings of the zinc. The acidity of the calcinated catalysts elevated clearly up to 0.481 mmol/g. Moreover, characteristic outcomes indicate that elevating the doping of zinc metal led to interaction and substitution of proton sites on the SiO2 surface that finally resulted in an increase in the desorption temperature peak. The experiments were performed at temperature 500 °C, pressure 1 atm; weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) 0.32 (h−1); feed flow rate 0.5 (mL/min); and hydrogen flow rate 150 (mL/min). Based on the results, it was revealed that among all the prepared catalysts, that with 3% of zinc had the highest conversion efficiency up to 80%. However, the selectivity of the major products, analyzed by gas chromatography flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), was not influenced by the variation in the active site doping.
Hamed Pourzolfaghar; Faisal Abnisa; Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud; Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Catalyst Characteristics and Performance of Silica-Supported Zinc for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol. Energies 2020, 13, 2802 .
AMA StyleHamed Pourzolfaghar, Faisal Abnisa, Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud, Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Catalyst Characteristics and Performance of Silica-Supported Zinc for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol. Energies. 2020; 13 (11):2802.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamed Pourzolfaghar; Faisal Abnisa; Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud; Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2020. "Catalyst Characteristics and Performance of Silica-Supported Zinc for Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenol." Energies 13, no. 11: 2802.
A petroleum refinery heavily depends on crude oil as its main feedstock to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. In the long term, this unyielding dependency is threatened by the depletion of the crude oil reserve. However, in the short term, its price highly fluctuates due to various factors, such as regional and global security instability causing additional complexity on refinery production planning. The petroleum refining industries are also drawing criticism and pressure due to their direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The exhaust gas emission of automobiles apart from the industrial and power plant emission has been viewed as the cause of global warming. In this sense, there is a need for a feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly generation process of fuels and chemicals. The attention turns to the utilization of biomass as a potential feedstock to produce substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and building blocks for biochemicals. Biomass is abundant and currently is still low in utilization. The biorefinery, a facility to convert biomass into biofuels and biochemicals, is still lacking in competitiveness to a petroleum refinery. An attractive solution that addresses both is by the integration of bio- and petroleum refineries. In this context, the right decision making in the process selection and technologies can lower the investment and operational costs and assure optimum yield. Process optimization based on mathematical programming has been extensively used to conduct techno-economic and sustainability analysis for bio-, petroleum, and the integration of both refineries. This paper provides insights into the context of crude oil and biomass as potential refinery feedstocks. The current optimization status of either bio- or petroleum refineries and their integration is reviewed with the focus on the methods to solve the multi-objective optimization problems. Internal and external uncertain parameters are important aspects in process optimization. The nature of these uncertain parameters and their representation methods in process optimization are also discussed.
Wegik Dwi Prasetyo; Zulfan Adi Putra; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Yusuf Wibisono; Nik Abdul Hadi Nordin; Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal. Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals. Polymers 2020, 12, 1091 .
AMA StyleWegik Dwi Prasetyo, Zulfan Adi Putra, Muhammad Roil Bilad, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Yusuf Wibisono, Nik Abdul Hadi Nordin, Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal. Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals. Polymers. 2020; 12 (5):1091.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWegik Dwi Prasetyo; Zulfan Adi Putra; Muhammad Roil Bilad; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Yusuf Wibisono; Nik Abdul Hadi Nordin; Mohd Dzul Hakim Wirzal. 2020. "Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals." Polymers 12, no. 5: 1091.
Biodiesel is a proven alternative fuel that can serve as a substitute for petroleum diesel due to its renewability, non-toxicity, sulphur-free nature and superior lubricity. Waste-based non-edible oils are studied as potential biodiesel feedstocks owing to the focus on the valorisation of waste products. Instead of being treated as municipal waste, waste coffee grounds (WCG) can be utilised for oil extraction, thereby recovering an energy source in the form of biodiesel. This study evaluates oil extraction from WCG using ultrasonic and Soxhlet techniques, followed by biodiesel conversion using an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process. It was found that n-hexane was the most effective solvent for the oil extraction process and ultrasonic-assisted technology offers a 13.5% higher yield compared to the conventional Soxhlet extraction process. Solid-to-solvent ratio and extraction time of the oil extraction process from the dried waste coffee grounds (DWCG) after the brewing process was optimised using the response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that predicted yield of 17.75 wt. % of coffee oil can be obtained using 1:30 w/v of the mass ratio of DWCG-ton-hexane and 34 min of extraction time when 32% amplitude was used. The model was verified by the experiment where 17.23 wt. % yield of coffee oil was achieved when the extraction process was carried out under optimal conditions. The infrared absorption spectrum analysis of WCG oil determined suitable functional groups for biodiesel conversion which was further treated using an ultrasonic-assisted transesterification process to successfully convert to biodiesel.
M. Mofijur; F. Kusumo; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; H. M. Mahmudul; M. G. Rasul; A. H. Shamsuddin; T. M. I. Mahlia. Resource Recovery from Waste Coffee Grounds Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Technology for Bioenergy Production. Energies 2020, 13, 1770 .
AMA StyleM. Mofijur, F. Kusumo, I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, H. M. Mahmudul, M. G. Rasul, A. H. Shamsuddin, T. M. I. Mahlia. Resource Recovery from Waste Coffee Grounds Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Technology for Bioenergy Production. Energies. 2020; 13 (7):1770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Mofijur; F. Kusumo; I. M. Rizwanul Fattah; H. M. Mahmudul; M. G. Rasul; A. H. Shamsuddin; T. M. I. Mahlia. 2020. "Resource Recovery from Waste Coffee Grounds Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Technology for Bioenergy Production." Energies 13, no. 7: 1770.
This research aims to study the unique factors of virgin coconut oil (VCO) compared with coconut oil (i.e., coconut oil processed through heating the coconut milk and palm oil sold on the market). Its novelty is that it (VCO) contains lactic acid bacteria and bacteriocin. Lauric acid content was analyzed by the Chromatographic Gas method. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was conducted by the dilution method using MRSA + 0.5% CaCO3 media. Iodium number, peroxide, and %FFA were analyzed using a general method, and isolation bacteriocin by the deposition method using ammonium sulfate. In addition, macromolecular identification was conducted by 16S rRNA. VCO was distinguished by a higher content of lauric acid (C12:0) 41%–54.5% as compared with 0% coconut and 0, 1% palm oil, respectively. The VCO also contains LAB, namely Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei, and can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhosa and bacteriocin. Comparison with VCO is based on having a high content of lauric acid, 54%, and LAB content. The difference between VCO and coconut oil and palm oil is fatty acids. In VCO there are lauric acid and stearic acid, namely lauric acid VCO (A) 54.06%, VCO (B) 53.9% and VCO (C) 53.7%. The content of stearic acid VCO (A) is 12.03%, VCO (B) 12.01% and VCO (C) 11.9%. Coconut oil contains a little lauric acid, which is 2.81%, stearic acid 2.65% and palmitic acid 2.31%. Palm oil can be said to have very little lauric acid, namely in palm oil 1, 0.45%, and even in palm oil 2, 0%; in turn, palmitic acid palm oil 1 has 2.88% and palm oil 2 palmitic acid has 24.42%.
Suryani Suryani; Sariani Sariani; Femi Earnestly; Marganof Marganof; Rahmawati Rahmawati; Sevindrajuta Sevindrajuta; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Ahmad Fudholi. A Comparative Study of Virgin Coconut Oil, Coconut Oil and Palm Oil in Terms of Their Active Ingredients. Processes 2020, 8, 402 .
AMA StyleSuryani Suryani, Sariani Sariani, Femi Earnestly, Marganof Marganof, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Sevindrajuta Sevindrajuta, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Ahmad Fudholi. A Comparative Study of Virgin Coconut Oil, Coconut Oil and Palm Oil in Terms of Their Active Ingredients. Processes. 2020; 8 (4):402.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuryani Suryani; Sariani Sariani; Femi Earnestly; Marganof Marganof; Rahmawati Rahmawati; Sevindrajuta Sevindrajuta; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Ahmad Fudholi. 2020. "A Comparative Study of Virgin Coconut Oil, Coconut Oil and Palm Oil in Terms of Their Active Ingredients." Processes 8, no. 4: 402.