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Dr. Arridina Susan Silitonga
Politeknik Negeri Medan

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Review
Published: 22 June 2021 in Energies
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Global energy sources are being transformed from hydrocarbon-based energy sources to renewable and carbon-free energy sources such as wind, solar and hydrogen. The biggest challenge with hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier is the storage and delivery system’s complexity. Therefore, other media such as ammonia for indirect storage are now being considered. Research has shown that at reasonable pressures, ammonia is easily contained as a liquid. In this form, energy density is approximately half of that of gasoline and ten times more than batteries. Ammonia can provide effective storage of renewable energy through its existing storage and distribution network. In this article, we aimed to analyse the previous studies and the current research on the preparation of ammonia as a next-generation renewable energy carrier. The study focuses on technical advances emerging in ammonia synthesis technologies, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and plasmacatalysis. Ammonia is now also strongly regarded as fuel in the transport, industrial and power sectors and is relatively more versatile in reducing CO2 emissions. Therefore, the utilisation of ammonia as a renewable energy carrier plays a significant role in reducing GHG emissions. Finally, the simplicity of ammonia processing, transport and use makes it an appealing choice for the link between the development of renewable energy and demand.

ACS Style

Muhammad Hasan; Teuku Mahlia; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Fitri Handayani; Hwai Ong; A. Silitonga. A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier. Energies 2021, 14, 3732 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Hasan, Teuku Mahlia, M. Mofijur, I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, Fitri Handayani, Hwai Ong, A. Silitonga. A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3732.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Hasan; Teuku Mahlia; M. Mofijur; I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; Fitri Handayani; Hwai Ong; A. Silitonga. 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on the Recent Development of Ammonia as a Renewable Energy Carrier." Energies 14, no. 13: 3732.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Sustainability
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The limitation of fossil fuel sources and negative environmental impact persuade scientists around the world to find a solution. One possible solution is by using renewable fuel to replace fossil fuel with an inexpensive, fast, and effective production process. The objective of this study is to investigate the biodiesel production from crude Reutealis trisperma oil using the conventional and the ultrasonic bath stirrer method through the esterification and transesterification process. The result shows that the most effective reaction time with an optimum condition for the esterification and transesterification of Reutealis trisperma oil is at 2 h 30 min by using the ultrasonic bath stirrer method. The optimum conditions at a temperature of 55 °C for the esterification and at 60 °C for transesterification with 2% (v/v) of sulphuric acid with catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt.% were a methanol-to-oil ratio of 60%, and agitation speed of 1000 rpm. This optimum condition gives the highest yield of 95.29% for the Reutealis trisperma biodiesel. The results showed that the ultrasonic bath stirrer method had more effect on the reaction time needed than using the conventional method and reduced half of the conventional method reaction time. Finally, the properties of Reutealis trisperma biodiesel fulfilled the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards with density, 892 kg/m3; pour point, −2 °C; cloud point, −1 °C; flash point, 206.5 °C; calorific value, 40.098 MJ/kg; and acid value, 0.26 mg KOH/g.

ACS Style

Teuku Riayatsyah; Razali Thaib; Arridina Silitonga; Jassinnee Milano; Abd. Shamsuddin; Abdi Sebayang; Rahmawaty; Joko Sutrisno; Teuku Mahlia. Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3350 .

AMA Style

Teuku Riayatsyah, Razali Thaib, Arridina Silitonga, Jassinnee Milano, Abd. Shamsuddin, Abdi Sebayang, Rahmawaty, Joko Sutrisno, Teuku Mahlia. Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Teuku Riayatsyah; Razali Thaib; Arridina Silitonga; Jassinnee Milano; Abd. Shamsuddin; Abdi Sebayang; Rahmawaty; Joko Sutrisno; Teuku Mahlia. 2021. "Biodiesel Production from Reutealis trisperma Oil Using Conventional and Ultrasonication through Esterification and Transesterification." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3350.

Research article
Published: 01 March 2021 in International Journal of Ambient Energy
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The present study is to investigate the feasibility of mixed non-edible oils, Sterculia foetida (SFO), and rice bran oil (RBO) for biodiesel production. The transesterification process variables of SFO50RBO50 as the suitable blend were optimized using response surface methodology. The optimum conditions of the transesterification process are as follow; KOH catalyst concentration of 0.7% wt, the ratio of methanol to oil of 42%, the reaction time of 50.64 min, resulted in the methyl ester yield of 98.93%. The result shows that the SF50RB50 methyl ester properties satisfy the biodiesel requirements laid in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

ACS Style

Fitranto Kusumo; T. M. I. Mahlia; Abdul Halim Shamsuddin; Abdul Rahim Ahmad; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Surya Dharma; M. Mofijur; Fazril Ideris; Hwai Chyuan Ong; R. Sebayang; Jassinnee Milano; Masjuki Haji Hassan; M. Varman. Optimisation of biodiesel production from mixed Sterculia foetida and rice bran oil. International Journal of Ambient Energy 2021, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Fitranto Kusumo, T. M. I. Mahlia, Abdul Halim Shamsuddin, Abdul Rahim Ahmad, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Surya Dharma, M. Mofijur, Fazril Ideris, Hwai Chyuan Ong, R. Sebayang, Jassinnee Milano, Masjuki Haji Hassan, M. Varman. Optimisation of biodiesel production from mixed Sterculia foetida and rice bran oil. International Journal of Ambient Energy. 2021; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fitranto Kusumo; T. M. I. Mahlia; Abdul Halim Shamsuddin; Abdul Rahim Ahmad; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Surya Dharma; M. Mofijur; Fazril Ideris; Hwai Chyuan Ong; R. Sebayang; Jassinnee Milano; Masjuki Haji Hassan; M. Varman. 2021. "Optimisation of biodiesel production from mixed Sterculia foetida and rice bran oil." International Journal of Ambient Energy , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 02 September 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Microalgae has received overwhelming attention worldwide as a sustainable source for energy generation. However, the production of biofuel from microalgae biomass consists of several steps, of which lipid extraction is the most important one. Because of the nature of feedstock, extraction needs special attention. Three different methods were studied to extract algal oil from two different algae variant, Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp. The highest percentage oil yield was obtained by ultrasonication (9.4% for Chlorella sp., 6.6% for Spirulina sp.) followed by the Soxhlet and solvent extraction processes. Ultrasonication and Soxhlet extraction processes were further optimized to maximize oil extraction as solvent extraction was not effective in extracting lipid. For ultrasonication, an amplitude of 90% recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Spirulina sp. and a 70% amplitude recorded the highest percentage yield of oil for Chlorella sp. On the other hand, for Soxhlet extraction, a combination of chloroform, hexane, and methanol at a 1:1:1 ratio resulted in the highest yield of algal oil. Afterward, the crude algae oil from the ultrasonication process was transesterified for 5 h using an immobilized lipase (Novozyme 435) at 40 °C to convert triglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester and glycerol. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted lipid extraction was successful in producing biodiesel from both the species.

ACS Style

I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; M.Y. Noraini; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Yunus Khan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T.M.I. Mahlia. Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6103 .

AMA Style

I.M. Rizwanul Fattah, M.Y. Noraini, M. Mofijur, A. S. Silitonga, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, T.M. Yunus Khan, Hwai Chyuan Ong, T.M.I. Mahlia. Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (17):6103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I.M. Rizwanul Fattah; M.Y. Noraini; M. Mofijur; A. S. Silitonga; Irfan Anjum Badruddin; T.M. Yunus Khan; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T.M.I. Mahlia. 2020. "Lipid Extraction Maximization and Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel from Microalgae." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6103.

Review
Published: 02 September 2020 in Energy Strategy Reviews
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Biodiesel is an attractive fuel replacement for diesel engine in Malaysia. The application of biodiesel as fuel-blend has been implemented commercially in transport sector in the country. Among various potential feedstock for biodiesel production, microalgae have been appeared as a promising source since a decade due to its' high biomass productivity, rapid growth rate, large amount of lipid content, capability of high CO2 capture and sequestration as well as suitable geographical location to be harvested. The main objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of microalgae harvesting in Malaysia to produce biodiesel and potential to implement microalgae-biodiesel as commercial transportation fuel. This study demonstrated the current scenario of overall biodiesel production and application in Malaysia. Since Malaysia is the world's second-largest oil palm producer, exploitation of edible palm oil for the making of biodiesel is to be blamed as the cause of soaring food price; therefore, the country is currently looking for 3rd generation biofuel sources and microalgae has been preferred for this purpose. Therefore, insight of the significance of microalgae cultivation for this purpose, suitable microalgae candidates and possible feasibility of microalgae biodiesel have been delineated in this review study. Prospects and challenges to implement microalgae biodiesel have also been emphasized in this study. Therefore, the advantages and limitations of this biodiesel can be transparent to government and non-government sectors. Thus, this study can re-direct both sectors in future. Consequently, it may contribute setting an appropriate government policy to encourage microalgae for biodiesel production to sustain the local biofuel and secure economic growth, energy security and improve environmental conditions in near future.

ACS Style

Nazia Hossain; Muhammad Heikal Hasan; T.M.I. Mahlia; A.H. Shamsuddin; A.S. Silitonga. Feasibility of microalgae as feedstock for alternative fuel in Malaysia: A review. Energy Strategy Reviews 2020, 32, 100536 .

AMA Style

Nazia Hossain, Muhammad Heikal Hasan, T.M.I. Mahlia, A.H. Shamsuddin, A.S. Silitonga. Feasibility of microalgae as feedstock for alternative fuel in Malaysia: A review. Energy Strategy Reviews. 2020; 32 ():100536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazia Hossain; Muhammad Heikal Hasan; T.M.I. Mahlia; A.H. Shamsuddin; A.S. Silitonga. 2020. "Feasibility of microalgae as feedstock for alternative fuel in Malaysia: A review." Energy Strategy Reviews 32, no. : 100536.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2020 in Energies
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Pyrolyzed waste plastic-based green fuel has been reported to be used as an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Some of the main challenges for implementing this in current automotive technology include evaluating engine performance, emission, noise vibration harshness (NVH), and knock characteristics of this fuel. This study focuses on the engine performance of poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET)-based waste plastic oil (WPO) at varying engine speed conditions. The pyrolysis of mixed-waste plastic was carried out at 300 °C in a fixed-bed reactor. Physicochemical properties such as viscosity, density, calorific value, sulfur, and research octane number (RON) of the plastic fuel and its blends with gasoline were analyzed using ASTM standard test methods. The WPO was blended with two different types of gasoline (RON88 and RON90) at 10, 20, and 30%, and was tested in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. The experimental results showed that different WPO–gasoline blends can be used in an SI engine without any engine modifications, and the performance indicators for different blends were found to be close to that of pure gasoline. The brake power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were found to be 4.1 kW and 0.309 kg/kW h, respectively. The 10% WPO and 90% RON90 blend produced optimal engine performance at 3500 rpm.

ACS Style

Khairil; Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah; Samsul Bahri; Sarwo Edhy Sofyan; Jalaluddin Jalaluddin; Fitranto Kusumo; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Yanti Padli; Muhammad Jihad; Abd Halim Shamsuddin. Experimental Study on the Performance of an SI Engine Fueled by Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil–Gasoline Blends. Energies 2020, 13, 4196 .

AMA Style

Khairil, Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah, Samsul Bahri, Sarwo Edhy Sofyan, Jalaluddin Jalaluddin, Fitranto Kusumo, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Yanti Padli, Muhammad Jihad, Abd Halim Shamsuddin. Experimental Study on the Performance of an SI Engine Fueled by Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil–Gasoline Blends. Energies. 2020; 13 (16):4196.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khairil; Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah; Samsul Bahri; Sarwo Edhy Sofyan; Jalaluddin Jalaluddin; Fitranto Kusumo; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Yanti Padli; Muhammad Jihad; Abd Halim Shamsuddin. 2020. "Experimental Study on the Performance of an SI Engine Fueled by Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil–Gasoline Blends." Energies 13, no. 16: 4196.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Jurnal Teknosains
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The depletion of fossil fuels, rising of earth temperatures and declining of air quality are an unavoidable phenomenon today. Bioethanol fuel is one solution to reduce this problem that comes from renewable raw materials. The purpose of this study is to investigate engine performance and exhaust emissions at gasoline engine by using the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends with different mixed ratios (10%, 15%, and 20%). The test is performed on a four-stroke gasoline engine without modification. Engine speeds vary from 1000 to 4000 rpm, and properties of the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends are measured and analyzed. In addition, engine torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) as well as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are measured. The results show that BSFC decreased while BTE increased for a fuel blends containing 20% bioethanol at 3500 rpm engine speed, with each maximum value of 246.93 g/kWh and 36.28%. It is also found that CO and HC emissions are lower for the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the sorghum seeds bioethanol-pertalite blends can improve engine performance and reduce exhaust gas emissions. Keywords: bioethanol; pertalite; performance engine; exhaust gas emission; alternatif fuel.

ACS Style

Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Husin Ibrahim; Surya Dharma; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Berta Br Ginting; Natalina Damanik. Pengaruh Campuran Bahan Bakar Pertalite-Bioetanol Biji Sorghum pada Mesin Bensin. Jurnal Teknosains 2020, 9, 91 .

AMA Style

Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Husin Ibrahim, Surya Dharma, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Berta Br Ginting, Natalina Damanik. Pengaruh Campuran Bahan Bakar Pertalite-Bioetanol Biji Sorghum pada Mesin Bensin. Jurnal Teknosains. 2020; 9 (2):91.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Husin Ibrahim; Surya Dharma; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Berta Br Ginting; Natalina Damanik. 2020. "Pengaruh Campuran Bahan Bakar Pertalite-Bioetanol Biji Sorghum pada Mesin Bensin." Jurnal Teknosains 9, no. 2: 91.

Review
Published: 06 May 2020 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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With the ever-increasing energy demands, fossil fuels are gradually depleting and eventually, these nonrenewable sources of energy will be exhausted. Hence, there is an urgent need to formulate alternative fuels that are both renewable and sustainable. Biomass is one of the reliable sources of energy because it is replenishable. Rice is the staple food in many countries, particularly in Asia. The number of paddy fields has increased tremendously over the years and is expected to increase in the future in response to the growing world population. This will lead to significant amounts of agricultural wastes annually, particularly rice straw. In some countries, open burning and soil incorporation are used to manage agricultural wastes. Open burning is the preferred method because it is inexpensive. However, this method is highly undesirable because of its detrimental impact on the environment resulting from the release of carbon dioxide and methane gas. Hence, it is important to develop an energy-harvesting method from rice straw for power generation. More studies need to be carried out on the availability and characteristics of rice straw as well as logistic analysis to assess the potential of rice straw for power generation. This paper is focused on reviewing studies pertaining to the characteristics and potential of rice straw for power generation, current rice straw management practices, and logistic analysis in order to develop a suitable energy-harvesting method from rice straw in Malaysia.

ACS Style

Jayabalan Logeswaran; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Prospect of using rice straw for power generation: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 25956 -25969.

AMA Style

Jayabalan Logeswaran, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Prospect of using rice straw for power generation: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (21):25956-25969.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jayabalan Logeswaran; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2020. "Prospect of using rice straw for power generation: a review." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 21: 25956-25969.

Research article mechanical engineering
Published: 05 May 2020 in Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
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To reduce dependency on fossil fuel, alternative fuel may be considered either to replace fossil fuel or to improve the characteristics of fossil fuel. Ethanol is one of the alternative fuels that has been used as an additive to gasoline fossil fuel in many countries, particularly for spark ignition engine system. This research aims to investigate the effect of ethanol and gasoline blending on the performance of a non-road small single cylinder engine. Ethanol–gasoline blends of different concentrations are considered in this paper, to experimentally compare their performances, under varying engine speed but constant engine load. The experimental results showed that the addition of ethanol to gasoline has improved the overall engine performance. High ethanol–gasoline fuel blend (E40) is suitable for low engine speed, while low ethanol–gasoline fuel blend (E10) can replace the neat gasoline without modification as their performance is very identical.

ACS Style

Ravinanath Narenthra Rao; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Jassinnee Milano; Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah; A. H. Sebayang; Taufiq Bin Nur; M. Sabri; M. R. Yulita; R. W. Sembiring. Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2020, 45, 5793 -5802.

AMA Style

Ravinanath Narenthra Rao, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Jassinnee Milano, Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah, A. H. Sebayang, Taufiq Bin Nur, M. Sabri, M. R. Yulita, R. W. Sembiring. Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2020; 45 (7):5793-5802.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravinanath Narenthra Rao; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Jassinnee Milano; Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah; A. H. Sebayang; Taufiq Bin Nur; M. Sabri; M. R. Yulita; R. W. Sembiring. 2020. "Effect of Ethanol and Gasoline Blending on the Performance of a Stationary Small Single Cylinder Engine." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 45, no. 7: 5793-5802.

Journal article
Published: 12 March 2020 in Energies
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The production of biodiesel using vegetable oil is an effective way to meet growing energy demands, which could potentially reduce the dependency on fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate grape seed (Vitis vinifera), Philippine tung (Reutealis trisperma), and kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) oils as potential feedstocks for biodiesel production to meet this demand. Firstly, biodiesels from these oils were produced and then their fatty acid methyl ester profiles and physicochemical properties were evaluated and compared with palm biodiesel. The results showed that the biodiesel produced from grape seed oil possessed the highest oxidation stability of 4.62 h. On the other hand, poor oxidation stability was observed for Philippine tung biodiesel at 2.47 h. The poor properties of Philippine tung biodiesel can be attributed to the presence of α-elaeostearic fatty acid. Furthermore, synthetic antioxidants (pyrogallol) and diesel were used to improve the oxidation stability. The 0.2 wt.% concentration of pyrogallol antioxidant could increase the oxidation stability of grape seed biodiesel to 6.24 h, while for kesambi and Philippine tung, biodiesels at higher concentrations of 0.3% and 0.4 wt.%, respectively, were needed to meet the minimum limit of 8 h. The blending of biodiesel with fossil diesel at different ratios can also increase the oxidation stability.

ACS Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong; M. Mofijur; A.S. Silitonga; D. Gumilang; Fitranto Kusumo; T.M.I. Mahlia. Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel Synthesised from Grape Seed, Philippine Tung, Kesambi, and Palm Oils. Energies 2020, 13, 1319 .

AMA Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong, M. Mofijur, A.S. Silitonga, D. Gumilang, Fitranto Kusumo, T.M.I. Mahlia. Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel Synthesised from Grape Seed, Philippine Tung, Kesambi, and Palm Oils. Energies. 2020; 13 (6):1319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong; M. Mofijur; A.S. Silitonga; D. Gumilang; Fitranto Kusumo; T.M.I. Mahlia. 2020. "Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel Synthesised from Grape Seed, Philippine Tung, Kesambi, and Palm Oils." Energies 13, no. 6: 1319.

Review
Published: 28 October 2019 in Energies
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Fossil fuel depletion, along with its ever-increasing price and detrimental impact on the environment, has urged researchers to look for alternative renewable energy. Of all the options available, biomass presents a very reliable source due to its never-ending supply. As research on various biomasses has grown in recent years, waste from these biomasses has also increased, and it is now time to shift the focus to utilizing these wastes for energy. The current waste management system mainly focuses on open burning and soil incorporation as it is cost-effective; however, these affect the environment. There must be an alternative way, such as to use it for power generation. Rice straw and rice husk are examples of such potential biomass waste. Rice is the main food source for the world, mostly in Asian regions, as most people consume rice daily. This paper reviews factors that impact the implementation of rice-straw-based power plants. Ash content and moisture content are important properties that govern combustion, and these vary with location. Logistical improvements are required to reduce the transport cost of rice husk and rice straw, which is higher than the transportation cost of coal.

ACS Style

M. Mofijur; T.M.I. Mahlia; J. Logeswaran; M. Anwar; A.S. Silitonga; S M Ashrafur Rahman; A.H. Shamsuddin. Potential of Rice Industry Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source. Energies 2019, 12, 4116 .

AMA Style

M. Mofijur, T.M.I. Mahlia, J. Logeswaran, M. Anwar, A.S. Silitonga, S M Ashrafur Rahman, A.H. Shamsuddin. Potential of Rice Industry Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source. Energies. 2019; 12 (21):4116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Mofijur; T.M.I. Mahlia; J. Logeswaran; M. Anwar; A.S. Silitonga; S M Ashrafur Rahman; A.H. Shamsuddin. 2019. "Potential of Rice Industry Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source." Energies 12, no. 21: 4116.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2019 in Energies
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Optimizing the process parameters of biodiesel production is the key to maximizing biodiesel yields. In this study, artificial neural network models integrated with ant colony optimization were developed to optimize the parameters of the two-step Cerbera manghas biodiesel production process: (1) esterification and (2) transesterification. The parameters of esterification and transesterification processes were optimized to minimize the acid value and maximize the C. manghas biodiesel yield, respectively. There was excellent agreement between the average experimental values and those predicted by the artificial neural network models, indicating their reliability. These models will be useful to predict the optimum process parameters, reducing the trial and error of conventional experimentation. The kinetic study was conducted to understand the mechanism of the transesterification process and, lastly, the model could measure the physicochemical properties of the C. manghas biodiesel.

ACS Style

Arridina Susan Silitonga; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jassinnee Milano; Fitranto Kusumo; Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Surya Dharma; Husin Ibrahim; Hazlina Husin; M. Mofijur; S M Ashrafur Rahman. Optimization of Cerbera manghas Biodiesel Production Using Artificial Neural Networks Integrated with Ant Colony Optimization. Energies 2019, 12, 3811 .

AMA Style

Arridina Susan Silitonga, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Jassinnee Milano, Fitranto Kusumo, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Surya Dharma, Husin Ibrahim, Hazlina Husin, M. Mofijur, S M Ashrafur Rahman. Optimization of Cerbera manghas Biodiesel Production Using Artificial Neural Networks Integrated with Ant Colony Optimization. Energies. 2019; 12 (20):3811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arridina Susan Silitonga; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jassinnee Milano; Fitranto Kusumo; Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Surya Dharma; Husin Ibrahim; Hazlina Husin; M. Mofijur; S M Ashrafur Rahman. 2019. "Optimization of Cerbera manghas Biodiesel Production Using Artificial Neural Networks Integrated with Ant Colony Optimization." Energies 12, no. 20: 3811.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2019 in Processes
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This study aimed to observe the potential of solid bioethanol as an alternative fuel with high caloric value. The solid bioethanol was produced from liquid bioethanol, which was obtained from the synthesis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (PEFBs) through the delignification process by using organosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted using enzyme (60 FPUg−1 of cellulose) at a variety of temperatures (35 °C, 70 °C, and 90 °C) and reaction times (2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h) in order to obtain a high sugar yield. The highest sugars were yielded at the temperature of 90 °C for 48 h (152.51 mg/L). Furthermore, fermentation was conducted using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioethanol yield after fermentation was 62.29 mg/L. Bioethanol was extracted by distillation process to obtain solid bioethanol. The solid bioethanol was produced by using stearic acid as the additive. In order to get high-quality solid bioethanol, the calorific value was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) model. This model provided the factor variables of bioethanol concentration (vol %), stearic acid (g), and bioethanol (mL) with a minus result error. The highest calorific value was obtained with 7 g stearic acid and 5 mL bioethanol (43.17 MJ/kg). Burning time was tested to observe the quality of the solid bioethanol. The highest calorific value resulted in the longest burning time. The solid bioethanol has a potential as solid fuel due to the significantly higher calorific value compared to the liquid bioethanol.

ACS Style

Nurfahmi; S M Ashrafur Rahman; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Badrul Mohamed Jan; Fitranto Kusumo; Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Hazlina Husin; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes 2019, 7, 715 .

AMA Style

Nurfahmi, S M Ashrafur Rahman, Hwai Chyuan Ong, Badrul Mohamed Jan, Fitranto Kusumo, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Hazlina Husin, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology. Processes. 2019; 7 (10):715.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurfahmi; S M Ashrafur Rahman; Hwai Chyuan Ong; Badrul Mohamed Jan; Fitranto Kusumo; Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Hazlina Husin; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. 2019. "Production Process and Optimization of Solid Bioethanol from Empty Fruit Bunches of Palm Oil Using Response Surface Methodology." Processes 7, no. 10: 715.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2019 in Processes
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Processing biodiesel from non-edible sources of feedstock seems to be thriving in recent years. It also has also gathered more attention than in the past, mainly because the biodiesel product is renewable and emits lower pollution compared to fossil fuels. Researchers have started their work on various kinds of biodiesel product, especially from a non-edible feedstock. Non-edible feedstocks such as Ceiba pentandra show great potential in the production of biodiesel, especially in the Southeast Asia region because the plants seem to be abundant in that region. Ceiba pentandra, also known as the Kapok tree, produces hundreds of pods with a length of 15 cm (5.9 in) and diameter 2–5 cm (1–2 in). The pods consist of seeds and fluff in the surrounding areas inside the pod, which itself contains yellowish fibre, a mixture of cellulose and lignin. The seeds of Ceiba pentandra can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. The study for Ceiba pentandra will involve techno-economic, as well as a sensitivity analysis. Moreover, the study also shows that the techno-economic analysis of a biodiesel processing plant for 50 ktons Ceiba pentandra with a life span of 20 years is around $701 million with 3.7 years of the payback period. Besides that, this study also shows the differences in operating cost and oil conversion yield, which has the least impact on running cost. By improving the conversion processes continuously and by increasing the operational efficiency, the cost of production will decrease. In addition, the study also explains the differences of final price biodiesel and diesel fossil fuel, both showing dissimilar scenarios subsidy and taxation. Biodiesel has a subsidy of $0.10/L and $0.18/L with a total tax exemption of 15%. The value was obtained from the latest subsidy cost and diesel in Malaysia. Finally, further research is needed in order to fully utilize the use of Ceiba pentandra as one of the non-edible sources of biodiesel.

ACS Style

N.A.M. Jamaluddin; T.M.I. Riayatsyah; Arridina Susan Silitonga; M. Mofijur; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T M Indra Mahlia; S M Ashrafur Rahman. Techno-Economic Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of Ceiba pentandra as Second-Generation Biodiesel Based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Processes 2019, 7, 636 .

AMA Style

N.A.M. Jamaluddin, T.M.I. Riayatsyah, Arridina Susan Silitonga, M. Mofijur, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Hwai Chyuan Ong, T M Indra Mahlia, S M Ashrafur Rahman. Techno-Economic Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of Ceiba pentandra as Second-Generation Biodiesel Based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Processes. 2019; 7 (9):636.

Chicago/Turabian Style

N.A.M. Jamaluddin; T.M.I. Riayatsyah; Arridina Susan Silitonga; M. Mofijur; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Hwai Chyuan Ong; T M Indra Mahlia; S M Ashrafur Rahman. 2019. "Techno-Economic Analysis and Physicochemical Properties of Ceiba pentandra as Second-Generation Biodiesel Based on ASTM D6751 and EN 14214." Processes 7, no. 9: 636.

Articles
Published: 19 September 2019 in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects
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Global warming in relation to fossil fuel pollution and their environmental impacts have become a major global concern. Biodiesel has entered the scene as an alternative fuel but it also generated controversy associated with increased residual fuel, increased acidity, oxidation, and corrosion. The main objective of this study was to observe the corrosion behavior of the mild steel immersed in J50C50 biodiesel-diesel fuel blends for up to 800 h at ambient temperature. The results showed corrosion rate at 800-h immersion are 0.0103, 0.0044, 0.0117, 0.0155, 0.2283 and 0.02524 mm/year, respectively, for B0, B10, B20, B30, B40 and B50. Mild steel coupon surface observation using SEM showed corrosion attacks are characterized by round holes on the metal surface. The addition of J50C50 biodiesel into diesel fuel accelerated the corrosion rate and acid value. Overall, corrosion observations conducted on mild steel suggested J50C50 biodiesel-diesel fuel blend is more corrosive compared with diesel fuel.

ACS Style

S. Dharma; A.S. Silitonga; A.H. Shamsuddin; A. H. Sebayang; Jassinnee Milano; Rihat Sebayang; Sarjianto; Husin Ibrahim; N. Bahri; B. Ginting; N. Damanik. Properties and corrosion behaviors of mild steel in biodiesel-diesel blends. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2019, 1 -13.

AMA Style

S. Dharma, A.S. Silitonga, A.H. Shamsuddin, A. H. Sebayang, Jassinnee Milano, Rihat Sebayang, Sarjianto, Husin Ibrahim, N. Bahri, B. Ginting, N. Damanik. Properties and corrosion behaviors of mild steel in biodiesel-diesel blends. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 2019; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Dharma; A.S. Silitonga; A.H. Shamsuddin; A. H. Sebayang; Jassinnee Milano; Rihat Sebayang; Sarjianto; Husin Ibrahim; N. Bahri; B. Ginting; N. Damanik. 2019. "Properties and corrosion behaviors of mild steel in biodiesel-diesel blends." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects , no. : 1-13.

Review
Published: 17 September 2019 in Energies
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Strict emission regulations and demand for better fuel economy are driving forces for finding advanced engines that will be able to replace the conventional internal combustion engines in the near future. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines use a different combustion technique; there are no spark plugs or injectors to assist the combustion. Instead, when the mixtures reach chemical activation energy, combustion auto-ignites in multiple spots. The main objective of this review paper is to study the engine performance and emission characteristics of HCCI engines operating in various conditions. Additionally, the impact of different fuels and additives on HCCI engine performance is also evaluated. The study also introduces a potential guideline to improve engine performance and emission characteristics. Compared to conventional compression ignition and spark ignition combustion methods, the HCCI combustion mode is noticeably faster and also provides better thermal efficiency. Although a wide range of fuels including alternative and renewable fuels can be used in the HCCI mode, there are some limitation/challenges, such as combustion limited operating range, phase control, high level of noise, cold start, preparation of homogeneous charge, etc. In conclusion, the HCCI combustion mode can be achieved in existing spark ignition (SI) engines with minor adjustments, and it results in lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions, with practically a similar performance as that of SI combustion. Further improvements are required to permit extensive use of the HCCI mode in future.

ACS Style

M. Mofijur; M.M. Hasan; T.M.I. Mahlia; Md Mofijur Rahman; A.S. Silitonga; Hwai Chyuan Ong. Performance and Emission Parameters of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine: A Review. Energies 2019, 12, 3557 .

AMA Style

M. Mofijur, M.M. Hasan, T.M.I. Mahlia, Md Mofijur Rahman, A.S. Silitonga, Hwai Chyuan Ong. Performance and Emission Parameters of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine: A Review. Energies. 2019; 12 (18):3557.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M. Mofijur; M.M. Hasan; T.M.I. Mahlia; Md Mofijur Rahman; A.S. Silitonga; Hwai Chyuan Ong. 2019. "Performance and Emission Parameters of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine: A Review." Energies 12, no. 18: 3557.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Processes
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Nowadays, increased interest among the scientific community to explore the Calophyllum inophyllum as alternative fuels for diesel engines is observed. This research is about using mixed Calophyllum inophyllum-palm oil biodiesel production and evaluation that biodiesel in a diesel engine. The Calophyllum inophyllum–palm oil methyl ester (CPME) is processed using the following procedure: (1) the crude Calophyllum inophyllum and palm oils are mixed at the same ratio of 50:50 volume %, (2) degumming, (3) acid-catalysed esterification, (4) purification, and (5) alkaline-catalysed transesterification. The results are indeed encouraging which satisfy the international standards, CPME shows the high heating value (37.9 MJ/kg) but lower kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm2/s) due to change the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition compared to Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester (CIME). The average results show that the blended fuels have higher Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and NOx emissions, lower Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), along with CO and HC emissions than diesel fuel over the entire range of speeds. Among the blends, CPME5 offered better performance compared to other fuels. It can be recommended that the CPME blend has great potential as an alternative fuel because of its excellent characteristics, better performance, and less harmful emission than CIME blends.

ACS Style

Natalina Damanik; Hwai Chyuan Ong; M. Mofijur; Chong Wen Tong; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Chin-Tsan Wang; Jer-Huan Jang. The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum—Palm Biodiesel. Processes 2019, 7, 597 .

AMA Style

Natalina Damanik, Hwai Chyuan Ong, M. Mofijur, Chong Wen Tong, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Abdi Hanra Sebayang, Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia, Chin-Tsan Wang, Jer-Huan Jang. The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum—Palm Biodiesel. Processes. 2019; 7 (9):597.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Natalina Damanik; Hwai Chyuan Ong; M. Mofijur; Chong Wen Tong; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Abdi Hanra Sebayang; Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia; Chin-Tsan Wang; Jer-Huan Jang. 2019. "The Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum—Palm Biodiesel." Processes 7, no. 9: 597.

Journal article
Published: 26 August 2019 in Energies
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Biodiesel as an alternative to diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats has attracted more and more attention because it is renewable and environmentally friendly. Compared to conventional diesel fuel, biodiesel has slightly lower performance in engine combustion due to the lower calorific value that leads to lower power generated. This study investigates the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an additive to the rice bran methyl ester (RBME). Artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) was used for predicting the calorific value. The interaction effects of parameters such as dosage of MWCNTs, size of MWCNTs and reaction time on the calorific value of RBME were studied. Comparison of RSM and ANN performance was evaluated based on the correlation coefficient (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and the average absolute deviation (AAD) showed that the ANN model had better performance (R2 = 0.9808, RMSE = 0.0164, MAPE = 0.0017, AAD = 0.173) compare to RSM (R2 = 0.9746, RMSE = 0.0170, MAPE = 0.0028, AAD = 0.279). The optimum predicted of RBME calorific value that is generated using the cuckoo search (CS) via lévy flight optimization algorithm is 41.78 (MJ/kg). The optimum value was obtained using 64 ppm of < 7 nm MWCNTs blending for 60 min. The predicted calorific value was validated experimentally as 41.05 MJ/kg. Furthermore, the experimental results have shown that the addition of MWCNTs was significantly increased the calorific value from 36.87 MJ/kg to 41.05 MJ/kg (11.6%). Also, the addition of MWCNTs decreased flashpoint (−18.3%) and acid value (−0.52%). As a conclusion, adding MWCNTs as an additive had improved the physicochemical properties characteristics of RBME. To our best knowledge, no research has yet been performed on the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-additive in physicochemical property of rice brand methyl ester application so far.

ACS Style

Fitranto Kusumo; T.M.I. Mahlia; A.H. Shamsuddin; Hwai Chyuan Ong; A.R Ahmad; Z. Ismail; Z.C. Ong; A.S. Silitonga. The Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Additive in Physicochemical Property of Rice Brand Methyl Ester: Optimization Analysis. Energies 2019, 12, 3291 .

AMA Style

Fitranto Kusumo, T.M.I. Mahlia, A.H. Shamsuddin, Hwai Chyuan Ong, A.R Ahmad, Z. Ismail, Z.C. Ong, A.S. Silitonga. The Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Additive in Physicochemical Property of Rice Brand Methyl Ester: Optimization Analysis. Energies. 2019; 12 (17):3291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fitranto Kusumo; T.M.I. Mahlia; A.H. Shamsuddin; Hwai Chyuan Ong; A.R Ahmad; Z. Ismail; Z.C. Ong; A.S. Silitonga. 2019. "The Effect of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Additive in Physicochemical Property of Rice Brand Methyl Ester: Optimization Analysis." Energies 12, no. 17: 3291.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jassinnee Milano; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Masjuki Haji Hassan; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Chin-Tsan Wang; T M Indra Mahlia; Joko Siswantoro; Fitranto Kusumo; Joko Sutrisno. Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum-Ceiba pentandra oil mixture: Optimization and characterization. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 219, 183 -198.

AMA Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong, Jassinnee Milano, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Masjuki Haji Hassan, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, Chin-Tsan Wang, T M Indra Mahlia, Joko Siswantoro, Fitranto Kusumo, Joko Sutrisno. Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum-Ceiba pentandra oil mixture: Optimization and characterization. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 219 ():183-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hwai Chyuan Ong; Jassinnee Milano; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Masjuki Haji Hassan; Abd Halim Shamsuddin; Chin-Tsan Wang; T M Indra Mahlia; Joko Siswantoro; Fitranto Kusumo; Joko Sutrisno. 2019. "Biodiesel production from Calophyllum inophyllum-Ceiba pentandra oil mixture: Optimization and characterization." Journal of Cleaner Production 219, no. : 183-198.

Review article
Published: 02 April 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Due to global warming and increasing price of fossil fuel, scientists all over the world have been trying to find reliable alternative fuels. One of the most potential candidates is renewable energy from biomass. The race for renewable energy from biomass has long begun and focused on to combat the deteriorating condition of the environment. Palm oil has been in the spotlight as an alternative of bioenergy sources to resolve fossil fuel problem due to its environment-friendly nature. This review will look deep into the origins of palm oil and how it is processed, bioproducts from this biomass, and oil palm biomass-based power plant in Malaysia. Palm oil is usually processed from oil palm fruits and other parts of the oil palm plant are candidates for raw material of bioproduct generation. Oil palm biomass can be turned into three subcategories: bioproduct, biofuels, and biopower. Focusing on biofuel, the biodiesel from palm oil will be explored in detail and its implication in Malaysia as one of the biggest producers of oil palm in the world will also be emphasized comprehensively. The paper presents the detail of a schematic flow diagram of a palm oil mill process of transforming oil palm into crude palm oil and it wastes. This paper will also discuss the current oil palm biomass power plants in Malaysia. Palm oil has been proven itself as a potential alternative to reduce negative environmental impact of global warming.

ACS Style

T M Indra Mahlia; Norasyiqin Ismail; Nazia Hossain; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Abd Halim Shamsuddin. Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26, 14849 -14866.

AMA Style

T M Indra Mahlia, Norasyiqin Ismail, Nazia Hossain, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Abd Halim Shamsuddin. Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 (15):14849-14866.

Chicago/Turabian Style

T M Indra Mahlia; Norasyiqin Ismail; Nazia Hossain; Arridina Susan Silitonga; Abd Halim Shamsuddin. 2019. "Palm oil and its wastes as bioenergy sources: a comprehensive review." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 15: 14849-14866.