The participation of various isoenzymes of α-amylase in the formation of falling number values of the commodity grain of wheat grown in the Republic of Kazakhstan was investigated. It was found that active isoenzymes α-AMY1 and α-AMY2 of the embryonic shield were present in the grain with an index over 200. A significant decrease in the falling number depended mainly on the synthesis of α-AMY1 and α-AMY2 isoenzymes in the aleurone layer. In the grain, isoenzymes with high isoelectric points (p1 ≥ 7.3) were found these isoenzymes belong to α-amylase or late maturing or α-amylase of practically mature grains. It was discovered that the exogenous hormone (gibberellic acid) induced synthesis of α-amylase isoenzymes of scutellum, whole caryopses, and aleurone. It was shown that the impact of exogenous gibberellic acid on the activity and structure of α-amylase is reduced in grain with a low falling number.

In germinating cereal caryopses, α-amylase is synthesized in the aleurone layer and scutellum epithelium. Produced enzyme is released into the endosperm, where starch is hydrolyzed. We investigated the effect of sugars on gibberellic acid (GA)-induced synthesis of this enzyme in both tissues of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds. α-Amylase synthesis in the embryo was much more sensitive to sugars, and their inhibitory effect was observed at the lower concentrations (10–20 mM), whereas in the aleurone layer the enzyme was only inhibited at a relatively high (above 100 mM) concentration of sugars in the medium. These results point to a specific (repressive) influence of sugars on embryonic α-amylase and probably to its nonspecific (osmotic) effect on the cells of the aleurone layer. It was found that phosphorylated sugars were more effective repressors of α-amylase than nonphosphorylated sugars.

Self-purification in surface waters involves many components of the aquatic ecosystem, among which aquatic microorganisms play an important role, which perform the function of primary oxidation or reduction of pollutants entering the reservoir. However, a number of chemicals that pollute lakes and rivers inhibit the activity of bacterioplankton. This leads to the fact that the ability of the reservoir to self-cleaning is sharply violated and its degradation occurs. The activity of the process of destruction of organic substances can be judged by the oxygen parameters in the water of rivers and lakes. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of general chemical pollution of substances in natural water bodies on the ability of self-purification due to microorganisms.To assess the ability of water bodies to self-purify, the R/BOD ratio was used. The functional activity of microorganisms in the samples was assessed by their ability to reduce the ratio of dissolved oxygen on the first day R1/BOD1 and on the fifth day R5/BOD5 in the presence of test pollutants: gasoline, surfactant and antibiotic.It was shown that the decrease in the self-cleaning ability of natural waters under the influence of various pollutants from bioorganic pollution both in the river and in the lake is of a general nature. In a comparative study of the degree of suppression of heterotrophic destruction in lake and river water for gasoline, Fairy detergent and antibiotic Ospamox 250 mg, the latter most sharply reduces the ability of water bodies to bioorganic destruction at a dilution of 1:999, and at a dilution of 1:99 completely destroys it.The second most inhibiting natural water self-purification agent is Fairy detergent. When diluted 1:9 and 1:99 Fairy reduces self-cleaning ability to zero on the fifth day.Gasoline is capable of suppressing self-purification only in relatively large quantities: 1:9 in relation to water.Key words: self-purification, bacterioplankton, dissolved oxygen, BOD, surfactant.

The grains of cereal are able to synthesize and store various protein inhibitors of proteases and amylases. Despite some scientific breakthroughs, there is insufficient information about α-amylase/subtilysin protein inhibitor of wheat grains. Furthermore, when baking bread from germinated wheat grains, the excess activity of α-amylase, which contributed to the restoration of its quality, is suppressed by an inhibitor added from the outside. In our work, the localization of the α-amylase protein inhibitor (PI) in the endosperm and peripheral parts of the grain (shell, aleurone) was determined. In the endosperm, the protein may be free or associated with starch granules. No inhibitor detected in the germ of grain. PI inhibits the catalytic center of Amy1α-amylase of wheat grain, having little influence on the center responsible for the binding of the enzyme to starch granules. The activity and composition of α-amylase in nine samples of wheat meal with high autolytic activity were analyzed (the number of falls is from 248 to 72). FN 91 sec grist showed the most heterogeneous spectrum to the effect of mixtures of wheat’s inhibitor and raw extract from grain bran that were taken from the previous studies on α-amylase enzyme. The results of the experiment showed that exposure to the addition of two drugs of purified and raw inhibitors to grist extract with a low number of drops led to a decrease in the activity of α-amylase (Amy1). The novelty of the work was found to inhibit the localization of protein inhibitors and the catalytic center of wheat α-amylase.

Asian agrimony (Agrimonia asiatica Juz) is a common wild plant including that growing within the territory of Kazakhstan, a very promising raw material for flavonoids and tanning substances release. These active substances have significant pharmacological potential. The article presents the results of work on determining the quantitative and qualitative composition of tannins and flavonoids in plant raw materials from the Asian agrimony (Agrimonia asiatica Juz). The presence of tanning substances and flavonoids in the extracts received from the above-ground part of Asian agrimony has been established by qualitative reactions. Various developers for paper chromatography have been used. The quantitative determination of flavonoids has been carried out in terms of the equivalent amount of quercetine, and the standard method of permanganatometric titration has been used to determine the quantitative content of tanning substances. Quantitative content of tanning substances in the leaves of Asian agrimony (A. asiatica juz.) showed an 8,156 %, and a quantitative content of flavonoids showed 1,9 %. The purpose of the study is to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of tannins and flavanoids in prepared herbal medicinal raw materials in order to identify the most promising objects for further research. Keywords: Asian agrimony (Agrimonia asiatica Juz), tanning substances, flavonoids, phytochemistry

The study examines the ecological and geographical characteristics of Astragalus ammodendron, a typical species of desert ecosystems in Central Asia. The species is distributed in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and China, preferring sandy and clay deserts, where it forms stable phytocenoses. The aim of the study is to analyze the ecological and geographical plasticity of A. ammodendron, its adaptive mechanisms, and its role in ecosystem stabilization. The research employs route reconnaissance, ecological-systematic, and ecological-geographical methods. A comparative analysis of contemporary and historical herbarium data from collections in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan was conducted, along with cartographic modeling of the species’ range using QGIS 3.34. The obtained data confirm the species' drought resistance, its ability to stabilize sandy substrates, and its formation of specific communities with Haloxylon aphyllum, Calligonum leucocladum, and Artemisia terrae-albae. In some areas, population fragmentation has been observed due to anthropogenic factors, including livestock grazing and changes in the hydrological regime. This study contributes to understanding the ecological and geographical patterns of desert plants and their phytocenotic role. The practical significance of the results lies in their potential application for monitoring, conservation, and restoration of ecosystems undergoing degradation due to climate change and anthropogenic impact.