Urosepsis is a life-threatening consequence of urinary tract infections, often linked to obstruction, indwelling devices, and healthcare exposure. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among uropathogens complicates empirical therapy and adversely affects outcomes, making local surveillance essential for appropriate management. To determine the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of urosepsis cases admitted to Kafr El-Sheikh University Hospital. This cross-sectional study included 168 patients with confirmed urosepsis admitted to the Urology Unit between February 2024 and October 2025. Urosepsis was defined by identical organisms in urine and blood cultures with systemic sepsis and a SOFA score of ≥ 2. Cultures were processed using standard microbiological methods, with identification confirmed by biochemical testing and ATR-FTIR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer method according to CLSI 2024 and verified by the BD Phoenix™ system. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and ESBL-producing organisms were identified using standard criteria. The mean age of the patients was 56.2 ± 15.6 years, and 70.8% were male. Catheter-associated infections were identified in all cases (100%), reflecting the healthcare-associated nature of this cohort, while renal abscesses were detected in 26.2%. Gram-negative organisms predominated (90.5%), with Escherichia coli being the most frequently isolated pathogen. Statistical analysis revealed no significant demographic or clinical predictors of antimicrobial resistance patterns ( p > 0.05). Gram-negative isolates showed higher susceptibility to carbapenems and fluoroquinolones. ESBL-producing isolates accounted for 24.34% and were susceptible to carbapenems. MDR isolates comprised 27.63% and showed high resistance to cephalosporins, piperacillin-tazobactam, and carbapenems. All gram-positive isolates were fully sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Catheter-associated urosepsis is mainly caused by resistant gram-negative pathogens. The high prevalence of ESBL and MDR strains underscores the need for early culture-guided therapy and continuous local antimicrobial surveillance to optimize outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a heterogeneous nature. Many molecular pathways are engaged in PD pathogenesis. Granzyme B (GrB) is an enzyme released by CTLs and has roles in neuroinflammation, axonal degeneration, demyelination, and neuronal ischemic death. However, little is reported about its role in PD pathogenesis and deterioration. To evaluate the role of GrB in PD. Method: A total of 94 participants were recruited from outpatient neurology clinics (47 PD patients and 47 healthy controls). Serum GrB levels were measured using ELISA. Results: Among PD patients, the age of onset was 57.30 ± 4.92 years, and the duration of illness was 7.13 ± 4.20 years. Sociodemographic data revealed statistically significant associations between the development of PD and HCV infection (0.001*), family history of neuropsychiatric illness (0.004*), and/or PD (0.028*). MoCA TS showed a significant reduction in cognitive performance among PD patients even after correction (p < 0.001*). H_Y score showed that >50% of PD patients were clustered in stages 1 and 2, and motor scores showed a substantial reduction. GrB levels were markedly increased among PD patients compared with the control group (1721.4 ± 588.8 pg/mL vs. 418.4 ± 131.3 pg/mL) (p < 0.001*). This indicates a strong association between elevated granzyme B and PD. However, no statistically significant correlations were observed between GrB levels and the parameters studied. Conclusion: GrB levels are significantly elevated among PD patients. This reflects underlying immune activation or inflammatory processes associated with the progression of PD. GrB showed a promising diagnostic association with PD, but was not correlated with disease severity, activity, or duration in this cohort. Formal evaluation of GrB’s diagnostic accuracy in an independent, disease-control-inclusive cohort is warranted before it can be considered a diagnostic biomarker.