Background. Life expectancy is increasing around the globe. However, chronological age is not the best indicator of health. For a more accurate assessment of body condition throughout life, in general, and aging, in particular, and identify potential points of geroprotective intervention, a specialized tool is needed. A tool that could prove beneficial is a biological age calculator, utilizing a range of biomarkers to analyze the degree of functional preservation of the body. Many existing biological age calculators are limited by a small number of parameters to analyze and sensitivity to use in a specific population.Aim. Large-scale studies to create a mathematical model for calculating biological age based on the Russian population have not previously been carried out. In 2022, the RUSS-AGE study was launched to create biochemical, cognitive and microbiotic calculators of biological age and determine possible points of geroprotective interventions.Materials and methods. The study intends to enroll at least 3,500 participants and analyze more than a hundred biomarkers using laboratory tests, questionnaires, neurocognitive and functional testing, and collection of anthropometric and physical indicators.Results. Currently, the recruitment of participants is supported by a government grant under the Priority 2030 program. By November 2023, 510 participants had been enrolled in the study.Conclusion. Further statistical processing of the information received and the development of prototypes of biological age calculators are planned.

The aging mechanisms study is one of the most important aims in the field of geroscience and clinical medicine. There has been a wide range of fundamental research data accumulated on this matter. The processes associated with regeneration capability decrease, age-related decline of cell proliferation and resilience are highlighted in vitro studies, as well as on animal models, but their translation into clinical practice has not been carried out yet. Our aim was to study the most important mechanisms of aging and the ways of influencing on them with geroprotective technologies, such as senolytic medications. The relevance of this topic is confirmed by increasing number of launched clinical trials, but their results are often ambiguous and require further analysis and elimination of the identified difficulties and shortcomings. We have searched and analysed the literature over the past 10 years using Pubmed and Scopus, in order to find information about the main mechanisms of aging, and possible use of geroprotective medicatios in clinical practice.

Aging is a complex biological process that impacts various systems of the body with changes occurring at molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. One of the key elements in the study of aging is determination of the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and insulin-like binding proteins (IGFBP). IGF, in particular IGF-1, are crucial for the regulation of cell growth, metabolism, and apoptosis. IGFBP, in particular IGFBP-3, modulate the bioavailability of IGFs by binding to them and influencing their receptor interactions. This work outlines the mechanisms of action of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 and discusses clinical research findings on their significance in aging, longevity, and the development of age-associated diseases. To investigate the relationship between IGF and IGFBP and aging processes, a search is conducted in the Scopus and PubMed article databases. Basic and clinical studies published primarily between 2010 and 2024 are selected. The search utilized keywords such as “insulin-like growth factors,” “insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins,” “aging,” and “age-associated diseases.”

The work explores the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome influences human aging and associated diseases. We examine age-related changes in the composition of the microbiota and their effects on inflammation, immune response, and intestinal-barrier permeability. Special attention is given to the pathogenic interactions between the gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. The role of microbiome imbalance, known as dysbiosis, is highlighted as one of the key mechanisms accelerating the aging process. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent studies that demonstrate the impact of microbial metabolites on various systems of the body through the “gut—brain,” “gut—cardiovascular,” and “gut–endocrine brain” axes.

The book Aging and Human Longevity edited by O.N. Tkacheva was authored by leading Russian gerontologists and geriatricians. It synthesizes both global and Russian advancements in the study of aging. The monograph is composed of two volumes, which systematically investigate the phenomenon of aging and human longevity. Volume 1 focuses on a range of general concepts related to gerontology. The historical overview and the analysis of demographic aspects of aging are supplemented with a discussion of rare phenomena, such as longevity and progeria. The book provides a comprehensive overview of available approaches for biological age estimation and offers a systematic analysis of existing theories of aging. Of particular note is the chapter that addresses geroprotective technologies, which investigates non-pharmacological strategies and the geroprotective potential of pharmacological agents. The authors evaluated the prospects of gene therapy and regenerative medicine, offering a well-balanced view of their application. Volume 2 discusses the phenomenon of organ and system aging. The text describes age-related changes in the immune, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, and other systems. It emphasizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical symptoms of aging. The book provides an analysis of the most recent advancements in gerontology and a critical review of the controversial hypotheses of aging and geroprotection, which encourages further scientific research. The text targets a broad audience, ranging from biologists and clinicians (e.g., general practitioners, cardiologists, neurologists) to students and researchers. This research will be of particular benefit to specialists who study aging, such as gerontologists and geriatricians.

The article explores the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome influences human aging and associated diseases. The authors examine age-related changes in the composition of the microbiota and their effects on inflammation, immune response, and intestinal barrier permeability. Special attention is given to the pathogenic interactions between the gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. The role of microbiome imbalance, known as dysbiosis, is highlighted as one of the key mechanisms accelerating the aging process. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent studies that demonstrate the impact of microbial metabolites on various body systems through the «gut-brain,» «gut-cardiovascular,» and «gut-endocrine» axes.