The cycling performance of supercapacitors sometimes becomes limited when electrode materials slough off during frequent charge–discharge cycles, due to weak bonding between the active material and the current collector. In this work, a flexible graphite foil substrate was successfully used as the current collector for supercapacitor electrodes. Graphite foil substrates were treated in different ways with different acid concentrations and temperatures before being coated with an active material (NiMoO₄/nanographite). The electrode treated with HNO₃(65%) and H₂SO₄(95%) in a 1:1 ratio at 24°C gave better electrochemical performance than did electrodes treated in other ways. This electrode had capacitances of 441 and 184 Fg^–1at current densities of 0.5 and 10 Ag^-1, respectively, with a good rate capability over the current densities of the other treated electrodes. SEM observation of the electrodes revealed that NiMoO₄with a morphology of nanorods 100–120 nm long was properly accommodated on the graphite surface during the charge–discharge process. It also showed that treatment with high-concentration acid created an appropriately porous and rough surface on the graphite, enhancing the adhesion of NiMoO₄/nanographite and boosting the electrochemical performance.

This paper presents research on the synergistic effects of nickel molybdate and reduced graphene oxide as a nanocomposite for further development of energy storage systems. An enhancement in the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor electrodes occurs by synthesizing highly porous structures and achieving more surface area. In this work, a chemical precipitation technique was used to synthesize the NiMoO₄/3D-rGO nanocomposite in a starch media. Starch was used to develop the porosities of the nanostructure. A temperature of 350 °C was applied to transform graphene oxide sheets to reduced graphene oxide and remove the starch to obtain the NiMoO₄/3D-rGO nanocomposite with porous structure. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the NiMoO₄ nano particles indicated a monoclinic structure. Also, the scanning electron microscope observation showed that the NiMoO₄ NPs were dispersed across the rGO sheets. The electrochemical results of the NiMoO₄/3D-rGO electrode revealed that the incorporation of rGO sheets with NiMoO₄ NPs increased the capacity of the nanocomposite. Therefore, a significant increase in the specific capacity of the electrode was observed with the NiMoO₄/3D-rGO nanocomposite (450 Cg⁻¹ or 900 Fg⁻¹) when compared with bare NiMoO₄ nanoparticles (350 Cg⁻¹ or 700 Fg⁻¹) at the current density of 1 A g⁻¹. Our findings show that the incorporation of rGO and NiMoO₄ NP redox reactions with a porous structure can benefit the future development of supercapacitors.

Considerable research has been devoted to the development of cathode materials for Al-ion batteries, but challenges remain regarding the behavior of aluminum anodes. Inert oxide (Al₂O₃) film on Al surfaces presents a barrier to electrochemical activity. The structure of the oxide film needs to be weakened to facilitate ion transfer during electrochemical activity. This study addresses oxide film challenges by studying Al alloy anodes with different iron content. The results reveal that using an anode of 99% Al 1% Fe in a cell increases the cycling lifetime by 48%, compared to a 99.99% Al anode. The improvement observed with the 99% Al 1% Fe anode is attributed to its fractional surface area corrosion being about 12% larger than that of a 99.99% Al anode. This is coupled to precipitation of a higher number of Al₃Fe particles, which are evenly scattered in the Al matrix of 99% Al 1% Fe. These Al₃Fe particles constitute weak spots in the oxide film for the electrolyte to attack, and access to fresh Al. The addition of iron to an Al anode thus offers a cheap and easy route for targeting the oxide passivating film challenge in Al-ion batteries.

Although Graphene oxide (GO)-based materials is known as a favorable candidate for supercapacitors, its conductivity needs to be increased. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the performance of GO-based supercapicitor with new methods. In this work, an ammonia solution has been used to remove the oxygen functional groups of GO. In addition, a facile precipitation method was performed to synthesis a NiMoO₄/3D-rGO electrode with purpose of using synergistic effects of rGO conductivity properties as well as NiMoO₄ pseudocapacitive behavior. The phase structure, chemical bands and morphology of the synthesized powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and field emission secondary electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The electrochemical results showed that the NiMoO₄/3D-rGO(II) electrode, where ammonia has been used during the synthesis, has a capacitive performance of 932 Fg⁻¹. This is higher capacitance than NiMoO₄/3D-rGO(I) without using ammonia. Furthermore, the NiMoO₄/3D-rGO(II) electrode exhibited a power density of up to 17.5 kW kg⁻¹ and an energy density of 32.36 Wh kg⁻¹. These results showed that ammonia addition has increased the conductivity of rGO sheets, and thus it can be suggested as a new technique to improve the capacitance.

Recently, much research has investigated nanocomposites and their properties for the development of energy storage systems. Supercapacitor performance is usually enhanced by the use of porous electrode structures, which produce a larger surface area for reaction. In this work, a biocompatible polymer of starch medium was used to create the porous nanostructure. Two powders, i.e., Nickel molybdate/reduced graphene oxide (NiMoO₄-rGO) and Nickel molybdate/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NiMoO₄-NrGO), were synthesized using the deposition method in a medium containing starch, nickel nitrate salts, sodium molybdate, and graphene oxide powder. In terms of electrochemical performance, the NiMoO₄-NrGO electrode displayed a higher specific capacitance, i.e., 932 Fg⁻¹ (466 Cg⁻¹), than the NiMoO₄-rGO electrode, i.e., 884 Fg⁻¹ (442 Cg⁻¹), at a current density of 1 Ag⁻¹. In fact, graphene oxide sheets could lose more oxygen groups in the presence of ammonia, resulting in increased electrical conductivity. For the asymmetric supercapacitor of NiMoO₄-NrGO//AC, the specific capacitance at 1 Ag⁻¹, energy density, and power density were 101.2 Fg⁻¹ (111.32 Cg⁻¹), 17 Wh kg⁻¹, and 174.4 kW kg⁻¹, respectively. In addition, this supercapacitor material displayed a good cycling stability of over 82%.