Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira, prevalent in tropical/sub-tropical regions. This study aimed to clarify the prevailing leptospiral species, clinical features, and risk factors of leptospirosis in north-central Bangladesh in 2024. Venous blood and urine samples were collected from 117 patients with clinically suspected leptospirosis. Among these cases, 75 (64%) tested positive for Leptospira infection by IgM ELISA test and/or PCR. By phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, all the samples tested were classified into L. wolffii (pathogenic group P2), showing high sequence identity to those of the type strain Khorat-H2 (97–99%) and L. wolffii reported in Bangladesh previously. Confirmed leptospirosis patients were mostly male (93%), aged 15–60 years (93%), living in rural areas in low socioeconomic conditions. Variable symptoms were presented by patients, with jaundice (84%), nausea/vomiting (84%), and myalgia (67%) being common. Some patients showed severe symptoms involving the nervous system (disorientation and neck stiffness) and the respiratory tract (cough, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis). Major risk factors for leptospirosis were exposures to mud/wet soil, sanding water, heavy rain, working in a paddy field, and cattle. In conclusion, L. wolffii was revealed to be circulating endemically in north-central Bangladesh, since its first detection in 2018, associated with variable and severe clinical symptoms in humans.

Background: Molecular typing data for Candida albicans from Bangladesh remain limited. Materials and Methods: This single-center descriptive study characterized 46 C. albicans isolates collected at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital during three sampling periods between 2021 and 2024. Forty-four isolates were recovered from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis and two from neonatal bloodstream infections. Diploid sequence types (DSTs) were assigned using the consensus seven-locus multilocus sequence typing scheme, and their allelic and sequence relationships were explored using network and phylogenetic analyses. Results: Forty-two DSTs were identified, of which 41 had not previously been recorded in the PubMLST database. Six DSTs were related to selected established clonal complexes, while DST4161 grouped with clade 13. Using a study-specific network definition based on connections involving differences at no more than three loci, 30 of 42 DSTs, representing 34 of 46 isolates, were distributed across five connected groups. The largest group comprised 16 DSTs and 20 isolates but also included profiles related to four established clonal complexes. Conclusions: These findings document substantial, previously unrecorded allelic diversity among C. albicans isolates sampled at a single hospital in Bangladesh. Broader and systematically sampled studies are required to determine whether the observed profiles represent locally enriched lineages and to assess their clinical or epidemiological significance.