Anatomy education represents a fundamental component of medical training and has increasingly incorporated clinical tools aimed at promoting active learnin

BACKGROUND Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) enables repeated, real-time measurements in naturalistic contexts and may help address key challenges in physiotherapy rehabilitation, including treatment adherence and symptom monitoring in context. OBJECTIVE To map and synthesize the available evidence on clinical, methodological, and technological applications of EMA in physiotherapy-related rehabilitation research METHODS A scoping review was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched, and empirical studies implementing EMA in clinical, community, or home settings were included. Data were charted on populations, EMA design features (sampling window, prompts/day, instruments), sensor integration, target variables, and compliance reporting. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies were included, mainly on musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. Most studies used smartphone-based mHealth platforms, and a substantial proportion integrated objective sensors (primarily accelerometry). Reported compliance ranged from moderate to high across protocols. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed in EMA schedules, variables assessed, compliance definitions, and reporting practices, limiting cross-study comparability. CONCLUSIONS EMA appears feasible and promising for physiotherapy rehabilitation research. It may support context-sensitive assessment and personalization. Greater standardization of EMA reporting (including compliance metrics and missing-data handling) and more rigorous designs are needed to consolidate clinical implementation and facilitate integration into real-time adaptive interventions. CLINICALTRIAL https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2026-1-0084/ https://inplasy.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/INPLASY-Protocol-8732.pdf

El estudio anatómico del sistema musculoesquelético en las carreras del área de la salud, abarca la identificación de músculos y sus detalles anatómicos, lo cual puede resultar desafiante para los estudiantes, debido a la complejidad del lenguaje técnico y la falta de estandarización entre la Terminologia Anatomica (TA) y la literatura médica. La enseñanza del sistema musculoesquelético incluye, además, estructuras de tejido conectivo esenciales para la función muscular, como aponeurosis, bursa, endomisio, epimisio, fascias, perimisio, retináculos, septos intramusculares, tendones y vainas sinoviales. El uso correcto de estos términos es fundamental, ya que su sinonimia puede generar confusión. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar estas estructuras anatómicas, desde su origen etimológico hasta su correcta utilización. Se realizó un análisis etimológico de la TA y se compararon con definiciones en libros de texto y diccionarios médicos. El análisis reveló cuatro grandes grupos de estructuras: bursa, fascia, tendón y vainas tendinosas; y tres términos relacionados con la arquitectura muscular: endomisio, perimisio y epimisio. Las definiciones etimológicas y su uso en anatomía mostraron coherencia en la mayoría de los casos, excepto para fascia, vaina y aponeurosis. Su uso a menudo es indiscriminado, y podría generar confusión en los estudiantes. La incorporación de la etimología de los términos anatómicos, podría ser una estrategia pedagógica importante en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la anatomía humana.

Background/Objectives: Short-term bed rest may reduce cardiorespiratory capacity for mobility and rehabilitation, but gas-exchange-assessed fitness has not been synthesised in older adults. We characterised immediate ${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$peak/${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$max change, recovery, and countermeasures. Methods: This PROSPERO-registered review (CRD420261431685) searched seven databases and two trial registries through 24 May 2026, with Embase and SPORTDiscus through 26 May. Eligible studies imposed 5–14 days of horizontal bed rest (HBR) or 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) in cohorts with mean age ≥ 60 years or ageing-focused programmes enrolling adults aged 55–65 years. Reports sharing participants and protocol formed one cohort/protocol unit. Body-mass-normalised ${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ was primary; absolute ${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ was separate. Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 or the revised JBI tool, and certainty with GRADE. Meta-analysis was not undertaken because three independent, comparable effects were unavailable. Results: Of 1964 records, 15 reports formed six units representing four to six independent participant groups. Across four HBR units (n = 9–19), ${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$peak/${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$max declined by 4.9–15.3%; two percentages were directly reported, one was calculated from a reported change, and one from unit-adjudicated means (low certainty for direction; very low for magnitude). In one HDBR trial, changes were −13.4% ± 12.5% SD in controls (n = 9) and −3.5% ± 5.2% SD with multimodal exercise (n = 10). Single leucine, approximately 2000 steps/day, and whey comparisons provided insufficient evidence of ${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ preservation. Recovery evidence from three programmes was heterogeneous and very uncertain; only one small HDBR cohort had approximately four-week follow-up. Conclusions: ${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$peak/${\stackrel{.}{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$max consistently declined after short-term HBR, but a precise decline, duration–response relationship, specific countermeasure prescription, and universal recovery time are not established. Minimising avoidable immobility is a plausible clinical implication, not a directly tested intervention. No external funding.

Ageing and obesity represent major public health challenges and are associated with metabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and loss of skeletal muscle mass. Resistance training (RT) is an effective strategy to increase muscle mass; however, its effects on metabolic and immune parameters in older women with obesity remain unclear. The study aimed to compare the effects of 12-week progressive overload RT programme on metabolic and immune responses in women aged 60–79 years with obesity and normal-weight women. Thirty older women were allocated into two groups according to body composition: women with obesity (OB: 68 ± 4.21 years; body mass index [BMI] = 33.01 ± 2.62 kg/m²; body fat percentage = 42.23% ± 2.98%; n = 16) and normal-weight women (NW: 66 ± 4.31 years; BMI = 22.60 ± 1.36 kg/m²; body fat percentage = 33.11% ± 3.61%; n = 14). At baseline, the OB group showed higher serum concentrations of leptin, insulin, triglycerides, and HOMA-IR and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations compared with the NW group, while no differences were observed in circulating cytokines or NETosis. After 12 weeks of RT, fasting glucose decreased only in the OB group (p = 0.030). Both groups exhibited reductions in total cholesterol and adiponectin, along with an increase in NETosis. Leptin, insulin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with lower muscle quality, whereas higher baseline adiponectin concentrations were associated with greater muscle mass gains in the NW group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, baseline metabolic differences were observed between normal-weight older women and those with obesity; however, both groups showed changes after 12 weeks of RT in metabolic and immune parameters. Furthermore, higher baseline adiponectin concentrations were associated with greater muscle mass gains in the NW group.