The diploid yellow potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Phureja Group) is an important plant genetic resource. In this study, we report for the first time the characterization of anther development and pollen formation in the cultivar Criolla Colombia. The description of morphological and histological characters of buds and flowers at different developmental stages permitted to identify ten main stages, from the differentiation of the male cells of the sporangium, meiosis, microspores formation and maturation, to the release of mature pollen. In addition, the results provide a graphic guide of the development of the anther, through the sequential and orderly formation of the epidermis, the endothecium, the middle layer and the nutritive layer or tapetum. This microanatomical information will be useful for work focused on androgenesis and identification of gene regulation in floral biology and gamete formation. Therefore, this study determined that to efficiently obtain haploids, flower buds between 5 and 8.9 mm long (stage 6 to 8) should be used, in which tetrads and microspores are in the early uninucleate and binucleate stage.

La importancia económica, ecológica y medicinal de las pasifloras ha fomentado el desarrollo de investigaciones multidisciplinarias en estas plantas. En cultivo in vitro, la embriogénesis no zigótica representa una alternativa para regeneración de plantas; no obstante, esta técnica ha presentado dificultades en la reproducibilidad de los protocolos, así como formación de ciertos embriones y plántulas anormales en algunas especies. En este estudio se evaluó la capacidad morfogénica de embriones zigóticos maduros (EZM) de Passiflora maliformis L para desarrollar embriones no zigóticos (ENZ), y posterior regeneración de plántulas. Se ensayó una etapa de inducción en la que se probaron 12 tratamientos en medio MS+VitB5 suplementado con 2,4-D, KIN y BA adicionados solos o combinados y, otra, de expresión en MS, MS con Carbón activado (CA) o MS con reguladores de crecimiento (RC) en concentraciones reducidas a 1/10 parte de las adicionadas en la etapa inducción. Altos porcentajes, 70%, de regenerantes fueron obtenidos en el medio suplementado con 1 mgL-1 BA y transferidos a medio de expresión MS, así como en el medio con 1 mgL-1 BA + 3 mgL-1 2,4-D, y transferidos a medio de expresión con CA, 60%. El 70% de las plántulas regeneradas se desarrollaron exitosamente en invernadero. Este trabajo es el primero que aborda la expresión del potencial embriogénico de EZM de P. maliformis induciendo exitosamente respuestas embriogénicas no zigóticas a través de rutas directas e indirectas; los resultados obtenidos son aplicables al conocimiento de la embriogénesis no zigótica en otras pasifloras, con fines de mejoramiento y uso comercial.

The transition toward sustainable agriculture has driven the use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms as viable alternatives to conventional agrochemicals. Among these, species of the genus Trichoderma have emerged as pivotal players due to their ability to establish beneficial and complex interactions with plants that extend far beyond their traditional role as biocontrol agents. This review integrates recent advances in understanding the mechanisms by which Trichoderma promotes plant growth and development. Specifically, the evolutionary transition of Trichoderma from a mycoparasitic lifestyle to beneficial plant associations is examined, together with the molecular processes involved in plant recognition, root colonization, and establishment within the rhizosphere and plant tissues. Furthermore, the mechanisms through which Trichoderma enhances plant performance are addressed, including metabolite production (both volatile and non-volatile), phytohormone modulation, nutrient acquisition and mobilization, and enhanced photosynthetic capacity. Finally, current agricultural applications, the technical challenges of formulation and field implementation, and future perspectives on Trichoderma-based microbial consortia and precision agriculture tools are analyzed. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive framework highlighting the potential of Trichoderma as a premier biostimulant for modern sustainable farming.