Purpose Even though it is known that fear and poor sleep quality trigger emotional eating, whether fear and poor sleep quality are associated with emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic is not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the association of fear of COVID-19, sleep quality, and some sociodemographic characteristics with emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method This cross-sectional descriptive study was completed with 495 participants in Turkey. The participants filled out a questionnaire that asked about sociodemographic characteristics, fear of COVID-19, nutritional behaviors, sleep quality, and self-reported weight and height through email or social media. Results The fear of COVID-19 score (β: 0.090, p < 0.05) and sleep quality score (β: 0.289, p < 0.001) were associated with the emotional eating score at the rate of 0.8% and 8.3%, respectively. The association of fear of COVID-19 with emotional eating disappeared when combined with various factors. The collective association of all factors, fear of COVID-19 (β: 0.042, p > 0.05), sleep quality (β: 0.246, p < 0.001), BMI (β: 0.275, p < 0.001), age (β: – 0.259, p < 0.001) and gender (β: – 0.169, p < 0.001) were associated with the emotional eating score at the rate of 18.3%. Conclusions These findings suggest that fear of COVID-19, sleep quality, BMI, age, and gender were associated with emotional eating during the pandemic. We hope that this study will help in the development of guidelines and strategies through understanding the factors associated with nutritional behavior during the pandemic period. Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

PurposeEven though it is known that fear and poor sleep quality trigger emotional eating, whether fear of COVID-19 and poor sleep quality have effects on emotional eating during the COVID-19 pandemic is not clear. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of fear of COVID-19, sleep quality and sociodemographic characteristics such as age, gender, BMI on emotional eating during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.MethodsThe research data were collected via the ‘Participant Information Form’, the ‘Fear of COVID-19 Scale’, the ‘Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index’, and the ‘Emotional Eating Scale’.ResultsFear of COVID-19 Scale score (β: 0.090, p < 0.05) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (β: 0.289, p < 0.001) separately affected the Emotional Eating Scale score in the rate of 0.8% and 8.3%, respectively. Fear of COVID-19 Scale score (β: 0.042, p > 0.05), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (β: 0.246, p < 0.001), age (β: -0.259, p < 0.001), gender (β: -0.169, p < 0.001) and Body Mass Index (β: 0.275, p < 0.001) were affecting Emotional Eating scale score in rate of 18.3%. Fear of COVID-19 alone has a minimal effect on emotional eating, but when combined with variables such as sleep quality, BMI, age and gender, its effect on emotional eating disappears.ConclusionsIn the light of these results, it is recommended to screen all individuals in the society during the pandemic in terms of emotional eating, especially those who are young, female, have a high BMI, low sleep quality, and high fear of COVID-19 and nutrition education should be provided to these people.Level of evidenceLevel V, cross-sectional predictive study.

Background: The effect of vegan diets on metabolic processes in the body is still controversial in ultra endurance athletes. The study aims to determine gut microbiome adaptation to extreme exercise according to vegan or omnivore diet consumed in ultra-marathoners. We also seek to evaluate long-term vegan diets’ effects on redox homeostasis, and muscle fatigue, and assess energy availability.Methods: Seventy participants will be assigned to the study, including 35 vegan ultra-marathoners and 35 omnivores competing in the Sri-Chinmoy ultra marathon race. Research data will be collected from the participants at four steps (three visits to the research laboratory and the race day) throughout the study. At the first visit (seven days before the race), fecal samples, and anthropometric measurements will be collected. Body composition will be measured using DXA. Participants will be informed about keeping detailed food records and will be asked to record their diet data and activity logs during the entire study period. At second visit, maximum oxygen consumption will be measured on treadmill. On race day, blood samples will be collected immediately before, and 0. min, 2 hours, and 24 hours after the race. Body weight will be measured before and after the race. The blood and fecal samples will be stored at -80 C until analysis. Plasma malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen metabolites, total antioxidant capacity, Heatshockprotein-70, and serum Orosomucoid-1 will be analyzed in blood samples. Fecal samples will be analyzed with shotgun metagenomic analysis and interpreted using bioinformatics pipeline (HumanN2). Statistical tests will be analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 and R Software.Discussion: Study findings will determine the effects of the vegan diet on sports performance, revealing the multiple interactions between host and gut microbiome at the whole metagenomic level. Additionally, results will show the possible adaptation throughout the race by analyzing blood and fecal samples. Furthermore, by assessing energy availability and determining host-metabolite crosstalk for ultra-endurance athletes, possible nutritional deficiencies can be identified. Thus, advanced nutritional strategies can be developed based on metabolic needs.Trial registration: Current controlled trials, ISRCTN registry 69541705. Registered on 8 December 2019.

Giriş: Yaşamın ilk yılı büyümenin en hızlı gerçekleştiği dönemdir. Anne sütü ile beslenme süresi ve tamamlayıcı beslenme uygulamaları, annelerin özelliklerine, ülkelere ve bölgelere göre farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Popülasyona özgü stratejiler geliştirmek için toplumun taranması ve değerlendirilmesi önemlidir. Amaç: Bu araştırma, 6-12 aylık bebeklerin anne sütü ile beslenme durumlarının ve tamamlayıcı beslenme uygulamalarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel olarak planlanan bu araştırma, araştırmayı katılmayı kabul eden 536 anne-bebek çifti ile gerçekleştirildi. Verilerin toplanmasında anne ve bebeğe ait bilgilerin yer aldığı Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanıldı. Bulgular: Tek başına anne sütü ile beslenme süresi 4,26 ± 1,97 ay olduğu saptandı. Tamamlayıcı beslenmeye ise 22,62 ± 2,79 haftada başlandığı bulundu. Lise ve lisans-lisansüstü mezunu annelerin ilkokul mezunu annelere kıyasla istatistiksel olarak daha uzun süre tek başına anne sütü verdikleri belirlendi (p < 0,05). Annelerin %86,5’inin bebeklerine ilk tamamlayıcı besin olarak yoğurt verdikleri, ilk bir yaş içerisinde bebeklerin %42,9’unun tuz, %20 ,8’inin şeker ve %14,7’sinin ise bal tükettikleri saptandı. Sonuç: Tamamlayıcı beslenmeye 6 aydan önce başlandığı, annelerin eğitim düzeyi arttıkça sadece anne sütü verme süresinin arttığı belirlendi. Annelerin bebek beslenmesindeki eksikliklerinin önlenmesinde, anne sütü ve tamamlayıcı beslenme konusundaki eğitimlerin arttırılmasının önemli olduğu düşünüldü. Annelere verilen eğitimlerin, annenin eğitim düzeyi göz önüne alı

This study examines the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and the BMI in Türkiye. In this cross-sectional study, which 6332 adults were included, fruit and vegetable consumption, and preferences were collected. The quantities of vegetables and fruits were classified based on the WHO and the national recommendations. Of the adults (33.39 ± 12.59 years), 52.9% of men and 39.7% of women had an above-normal BMI. Based on WHO recommendations, overweight and obese people consumed less vegetables and fruits compared to their counterparts (ORs for women, overweight: 1.2, obese: 1.3; ORs for men, overweight: 1.3, obese: 1.5; 95% CI). The regression analysis revealed that the quantities of vegetable and fruit intake were higher in young individuals, men, and married people. Although the majority consume more than 400 g/day of vegetables and fruits, the intake is inadequate in people with obesity.