El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la conectividad vial en relación con los indicadores de analfabetismo, desnutrición, viviendas sin acceso al agua, pobreza no monetaria y acceso a internet. En la metodología, para la elaboración cartográfica de conectividad vial, se utilizó la ponderación por distancia o inverse distance weighting (IDW) en el software de ArcGis 10.8, en tanto los indicadores para los distritos se han extraído desde GeoPerú. Los resultados indican que la conectividad vial desempeña un papel crucial en el desarrollo socioeconómico de los distritos. Aquellos con una alta conectividad, como Moche, Huancán y Perené, presentan índices más bajos de analfabetismo, desnutrición, viviendas sin acceso a agua potable, pobreza no monetaria y hogares sin internet en comparación con los distritos de baja conectividad, como El Porvenir, Santo Domingo de Acobamba y Pichanaqui. Se concluye que la infraestructura vial es un factor clave para reducir la desigualdad y mejorar las condiciones de vida en áreas menos desarrolladas.

Tropical forests occupy hydroclimatic settings ranging from nearly continuous rainfall to pronounced seasonal water limitation, yet the ways in which these contrasting settings coincide with tree allometry, structural inequality, and carbon storage remain incompletely understood. We compared a tropical wet forest in Santa Ana, Colombia (SA), with a tropical semi-deciduous forest in Tomatlán, Mexico (TO), using 1991–2020 climatological normals and inventories of 611 and 392 stems, respectively. Floristic diversity, stand structure, height–diameter allometry, Gini-based inequality, large-tree contribution, biomass, and carbon stocks were evaluated. Aboveground biomass was estimated using DBH, total height, and species- or genus-level wood density, while palms were treated separately using a growth-form-specific equation. SA received 8233.4 mm yr⁻¹ and had no dry months, whereas TO received 726.4 mm yr⁻¹ and had seven dry months. SA supported greater species diversity and taller trees across the shared DBH range, while TO had greater stem density, mean DBH, basal area, biomass, and carbon stocks. AGB was 31.54 Mg ha⁻¹ in SA and 84.79 Mg ha⁻¹ in TO. The largest 10% of stems accounted for 39.26% of AGB in SA and 54.77% in TO. Basal area was the structural attribute most strongly associated with AGB in both forests. These findings show that the two stands differed in structural organization and biomass concentration rather than following a simple increase in carbon storage with rainfall. Because each hydroclimatic setting was represented by a single forest, the results describe a paired stand comparison and should not be interpreted as a causal test of climatic effects.

Agroindustrial lignocellulosic residues represent potential secondary resources, but their response to a common fractionation process can vary substantially with feedstock composition. This study evaluated organosolv processing of coconut fiber, maize cob, coffee parchment, and cocoa parchment under identical ethanol–acetic acid conditions. Untreated and processed solids were compared for physicochemical and compositional properties, and residue-specific responses were integrated using fiber enrichment, organic-solids equivalents, and non-dominance screening. Organosolv processing increased mean crude-fiber content from 25.04% to 66.74% and pH from 5.70 to 6.35; both effects remained significant after Holm correction. COD decreased in all residues, although the treatment-level response was not significant after multiplicity adjustment. Fiber enrichment occurred in every feedstock but varied markedly, with coffee parchment showing the largest proportional increase. Material-use profiles also differed: coconut fiber reached the highest crude-fiber concentration, whereas coffee parchment combined high fiber enrichment with the highest organic-solids equivalent and lowest ash content. Coconut fiber, maize cob, and coffee parchment were non-dominated under the exploratory screening. These results show that organosolv processing can produce fiber-enriched solids from contrasting agroindustrial residues, while the broader compositional outcome remains feedstock-dependent.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la conectividad vial en relación con los indicadores de analfabetismo, desnutrición, viviendas sin acceso al agua, pobreza no monetaria y acceso a internet. En la metodología, para la elaboración cartográfica de conectividad vial, se utilizó la ponderación por distancia o inverse distance weighting (IDW) en el software de ArcGis 10.8, en tanto los indicadores para los distritos se han extraído desde GeoPerú. Los resultados indican que la conectividad vial desempeña un papel crucial en el desarrollo socioeconómico de los distritos. Aquellos con una alta conectividad, como Moche, Huancán y Perené, presentan índices más bajos de analfabetismo, desnutrición, viviendas sin acceso a agua potable, pobreza no monetaria y hogares sin internet en comparación con los distritos de baja conectividad, como El Porvenir, Santo Domingo de Acobamba y Pichanaqui. Se concluye que la infraestructura vial es un factor clave para reducir la desigualdad y mejorar las condiciones de vida en áreas menos desarrolladas.

Gold mining alters tropical forests, but its association with medicinal tree assemblages remains poorly documented in the Peruvian Amazon. We compared taxonomic diversity, floristic composition, and forest structure between three gold-mining-disturbed plots and their corresponding reference forests in San Juan, Huacamayo-Pacal, and Boca Amigo, Manu Province. Six permanent 1 ha plots contained 1878 non-palm medicinal trees representing 182 species and 46 families. Diversity was assessed using Hill numbers, rarefaction and extrapolation, sample coverage, beta diversity, NMDS, PERMANOVA, and structural attributes. Species richness and effective diversity were consistently lower in disturbed plots. Relative to their paired reference forests, species richness was lower by 52.3%, 18.5%, and 22.5%; q = 1 diversity was lower by 69.3%, 35.7%, and 25.2%, and q = 2 diversity was lower by 77.5%, 59.6%, and 26.6%. Basal area was also lower by 43.0%, 33.2%, and 31.2%, respectively. Floristic differentiation was strongest in San Juan, while multivariate composition differed among the six sampled plots (PERMANOVA: pseudo-F = 4.156, R² = 0.278). These results show consistent differences in medicinal tree diversity between disturbed and reference plots, although the magnitude of floristic and structural contrasts varied among communities.

High-Andean environments impose severe limitations on tree establishment, making early survival and growth decisive for restoration success. This study evaluated differences associated with four island-guano doses—0, 150, 300, and 450 g plant⁻¹—applied in separate treatment strips to Polylepis racemosa established in a grassland at 4239 m a.s.l. A monitored cohort of 148 plants, with 37 individuals per treatment strip, was assessed at establishment and after 4, 8, and 12 months. Survival, interval mortality, total height, basal diameter, cumulative increments, and relative growth rates were analyzed using longitudinal mixed models. All plants survived during the first four months, but survival declined afterward. At 12 months, survival reached 29.7% in the control strip and 45.9%, 43.2%, and 37.8% in the strips receiving 150, 300, and 450 g plant⁻¹, respectively. The strongest height and basal-diameter responses occurred in the 300 and 450 g plant⁻¹ strips. The highest-dose strip showed the greatest final height, basal diameter, and cumulative growth increments, whereas the highest relative growth rates under the larger doses occurred mainly during the first four months. The 150 g plant⁻¹ strip showed slower structural development but the highest final survival. These results indicate a non-linear pattern associated with island-guano dose, as the strip showing the greatest growth did not show the highest persistence. Considering final survival together with structural growth, the 300 g plant⁻¹ strip showed the most balanced pattern within the evaluated plantation. This interpretation does not identify a generally optimal dose, and replicated, longer-term trials are required before broader recommendations can be made.