A. AMANGELDIYEVA, A. DANIYAROVA, L.K. TABYNBAYEVA, S. BASTAUBAYEVA, N. KOVALCHUK, and R. YERZHEBAYEVA Citation: Amangeldiyeva A, Daniyarova A, Tabynbayeva LK, Bastaubayeva S, Kovalchuk N, Yerzhebayeva R (2023). Assessment of the genetic diversity in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) using SSR markers. SABRAO J. Breed. Genet. 55(5): 1616-1628. http://doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2023.55.5.15. Summary The

For the first time, an analysis of structural damage of the peripheral blood erythrocyte nucleus in Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) was carried out for the rivers of the north-western region of Ukraine. The effect of the hydrochemical regime on the formation of cytogenetic disturbances of the representatives of this species was also clarified. It was observed that during 2013–2017, the content of phosphates, suspended solids, fluorides, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the surface waters of rivers most significantly exceeded the current quality standards. The average frequency of nuclear disorders of peripheral blood erythrocytes R. rutilus from the studied hydrosystems is 5.25 ± 0.29 ‰ (p < 0.01), with a noticeable excess of the level of spontaneous mutations in the older age groups of fish. In all analyzed samples of R. rutilus, among the total number of identified structural disorders of the nucleus, the largest share is made up of red blood cells from the micronucleus (from 40.0 to 62.0 %), which is evidence of cytogenetic disturbances in the body of fish. At the same time, disturbances of erythrocyte blood of roach from small rivers are on average 1.3 times (or 21.9 %) higher compared with individuals from medium-sized rivers. The formation of cytogenetic disturbances in R. rutilus under the conditions of the hydrochemical regime of rivers is described by a close (r = 0.99 at p < 0.003) multifactorial regression dependence. More important regressive coefficients of the dependency are acquired by such biogenes (NH⁴⁺, NO³⁻, PO⁴⁻) and toxicants (Cu²⁺, Zu²⁺, Mn²⁺, F₂) in the background of oxygen regime peculiarities (COD, BOD₅, O₂).

Purpose. Assessment of new sugar beet breeding genotypes by a set of economically valuable traits to determine their suitability for the efficiency of the process of managing the production of bioethanol with the study of the activity of photosynthesis according to the content of chlorophylls a and b, early accumulation of carbohydrates, tolerance to low temperatures, germination of apozygous seeds and using new plasma of the substituted lines of sugar beet with introduced sterile cytoplasms from wild species Beta patula and B. maritima L. and apozygous lines A9 with S vulgaris Owen's cytoplasm. Methods. Field methods were used (pollen-free regime for the reproduction of apozygotic seeds in conditions of isolation and seed monogermity of the seed plants), laboratory methods (selection of the best experimental genotypes for cold resistance, analysis of productivity and dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation). Results. Self-fertile pollen-sterile lines A9 Beta vulgaris Sxxzz rr with an apomictic method of seed reproduction of seeds (Yaltushkiv EBS) and commercial hybrids with early carbohydrate accumulation were selected for the recessive colour of the hypocotyl r-r- and gametophytic reduced parthenogenesis for hybridization according to the scheme: A9 Beta vulgaris Sxxzz rr × Beta vulgaris Mm Rr. The influence of cytoplasmic inheritance of B. maritima and B. patula on cold resistance indicators was studied and seed samples of the experimental genotypes No. 17225, 17221, 17222, 17220, 17226, 17223 were selected among substituted lines with seed germination rates at +4°C varying from 14.3 to 40.3%. Experimental genotypes of the substituted lines, grown in the conditions of pots were selected and examined by the indicators of early accumulation of sugars, which had values from 16.2 to 17.6% during four months of vegetation; photosynthetic activity with indicators of the content of chlorophyll varying from 2.06 to 1.32%, and chlorophyll b from 1.02 to 0.65%. Conclusions. Sugar beet hybrids, created with the use of cold-resistant substituted pollen-sterile lines of sugar beet, thanks to the natural evolution of the introduced cytoplasmic genome, ensure the extension of the growing season, high productivity, early accumulation of sugars and enrichment of the crop adaptation potential. The article contains the results of the study of the early carbohydrate accumulation, photosynthetic activity of selected experimental genotypes of the substituted sugar beet lines with high seed quality and 100% monogermity. Root crops of apomictic lines were selected based on R+r hypocotyl colour, generative reduced parthenogenesis, and studied for their specifics of seed set under the pollen-free regime.

Aim. Due to the introduction of the Miscanthus species, attributed to the European gene pool, in Ukraine, it is necessary to develop methods for the determination of genome ploidy and adjust them to the foreign methods in order to ensure high purity of the planting material, to study genetic diversity, to produce new polyploid lines and select alternative Miscanthus × giganteus clones (3x). Methods. Cytological, biotechnological, fl uores- cence cytophotometry, fi eld, laboratory. Results. Domestic diploid millet (Panicum) variety of Veselopodilska Research Breeding Station and grain sorghum (Sorghum) variety Dniprovsky, whose number of chromosomes was previously investigated, served as standard genotypes for the ploidy identifi cation with Partec ploidy analyser (Germany). Using the technique, various species of miscanthus, namely Miscanthus × giganteus (3x), Miscanthus sinensis (2x), and Miscanthus saccharifl orus (2x) were selected and multiplied by clones. The heterogeneity of the Miscanthus × giganteus (3x) population of the two ecotypes was determined based on the level of genome ploidy in the vegetative reproduction of rhizomes which originated from Poland and Austria. Conclusions. Due to the complexity of cytological research, the need to involve the representatives of the Miscanthus genus in the development of bioenergy in Ukraine, and to differentiate them both in vivo and in vitro conditions to assimilate the European gene pool, a new methodology for identifi cation of plant material of different miscanthus species using the method of fl uorescence cytophotometry is presented. The ploidy of commercial foreign samples of miscanthus, introduced in the network of research and selection stations of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets of NAAS, was identifi ed.

Purpose. Revealing the effect of the cytoplasmic genome of replaced lines with the plasma of wild species Beta patula and B. maritima L., and apozygotic lines A4–A8 with the cytoplasm of S vulgaris Owen on the main factors of apozygotic reproduction, seed productivity, germination, monogermity and sterility as affected by the genetic origin of breeding material. Methods. The research was carried out in the Cytogenetics Laboratory (IBCSB), the Laboratory for Apomixis and Polyploidy of the Yaltushkiv EBS, and the Laboratory for Adaptive Breeding (Veselyi Podil EBS). Apozygotic seeds were obtained under a pollen-free regime according to the IBCSB’s Methods for Spatial Isolation and Parchment Insulators. Each seed bearer plant phenotype was determined during the flowering period by pollen sterility and partial flowering. Classification of plants was performed according to Owen (1945), with identifying plants of CMS-0, Type CMS-1, and CMS-2 types. The Monogermity of seed plants was assessed visually by the presence of separate fruits on the central shoots. In 2021, the roots of the replaced lines of the Veselyi Podil EBS were planted under the conditions of a pollen-free regime in the experimental field of the IBCSB. Seed production under apozygositic conditions was studied, taking into account the number of set fruits per 10-cm segment with 5 replications for each seed bearer. Germination was determined on the 10th day and germination vigour on the 5th day. Results. New sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) were obtained in the cytogenetics laboratory based on a genetic model of crossbreeding analysis, using differentiation and tools according to the marker-linked genes of hypocotyl color R+r-, and one / two-year development cycle B+b-. The analyzers for the nature of sugar beet sterility were sterility maintainers, dominant homozygotes for recessive genes of anthocyanin color, development cycle, partial fertility and sterility (NBeta vulgaris Sxxzz rr bb). Monogerm pollen-sterile lines with an apomictic way of seed reproduction (Yaltushkiv EBS) (A4–A8 Beta vulgaris Sxxzz rr), selected for the dominant color of the hypocotyl R+r-, stabilized for the trait of monogermity, 100% sterility and 2x gene ploidy, were characterized by low seed productivity. High rates of apozygotic seed development (80 to 96.4% of the number of set flowers) were observed against the background of the sterile cytoplasm of Beta maritima (Turkey). In the CMS BC4S patula line, the number of set apozygotic seeds ranges from 34 ± 0.3 to 39 ± 0.42, and the indicators of degenerated flowers under apozygotic regime varied from 31.2 to 54.3%. Isolated were seed plants with high self-reproduction, such as BC4S maritima Turkey, k.2/1, k.6/2, k.6/3 and k.3/4, k.9/4 on the background of new plasma of wild species of B. patula. The phenomenon of high self-reproduction of seeds (up to 98.5−96.4% of set flowers) was detected in line 21-011 CHS BC5S patula, which was comparable with hybrids and sterility maintainers (97.5−93.1%), which is determined by a special interaction of the beet nuclear genome of sugar beet and new plasma of wild species of the genus Beta L. Conclusions. The apomictic way of seed reproduction ensures the shortening of the breeding scheme for sugar beet due to high seed reproduction of mother parent in substituted lines with new plasma and differentiation by gametophytic reduction of parthenogenesis using morphological marker traits.