Many scientific papers that deal with the topic of the pedestrian environment use a predefined form for assessing or evaluating its quality as a basic methodological instrument. The aim of this research is to emphasize the dimension of the available audit tools or methodologies in order to develop a full-scale database of indices that can be used for the measurement and evaluation of the pedestrian environment. By analyzing 115 research papers selected according to predefined selection criteria, the basic methodological apparatus or the evaluation instrument was observed. Based on the analysis carried out in this way, a number of 40 valid instruments were identified by which it was possible to evaluate the pedestrian environment. The observed instruments have a high level of reliability according to the high values of the ICC coefficient, IRR test, or Kappa value. There are 193 items for the evaluation of the pedestrian environment that were derived from the observed instruments. The items were arranged over seven groups regarding the quality of the pedestrian environment, namely, Functionality, Safety, Comfort, Mobility, Environment, Connectivity, and Aesthetics. On average, the items distributed over those seven groups are in use throughout the entire pool of instruments at the level of 47.41% across all groups. There are 30 instruments or methodologies that are objectively based, 4 subjectively oriented, and 6 with elements of both approaches. Of the instruments, 14 measure and assess the pedestrian environment through a quantitative data set, while 20 are designed for qualitative assessment. Only six of the instruments contain both qualitative and quantitative measuring items. A large percentage of analyzed papers that use a predefined methodology or instrument indicate the need to deepen the field of research and to include additional aspects that would give more authoritative results.

In the last decade, increased awareness of the importance of preserving old masonry structures of cultural heritage has turned to the development of sustainable strategies for their reconstruction and seismic strengthening. This research includes the analysis and determination of the necessary measures due to the assessment of the condition of the constructive and structural parts of the buildings belonging to the old City Fortress in Novi Pazar. In this study, the fragility and vulnerability of the building is identified in order to sanction and recommend strengthening and seismic resistance to potentially strong levels of earthquakes, preserving the original structure of the building and its authenticity and integrity. The presented techniques aim to improve seismic performance and preserve structures for future generations, with the least impact on changing the value of the investigated cultural heritage. On the other hand, due to the modern demands of society, it is recommended to implement digital conservation and management of cultural heritage in order to create new content and ensure accessibility for all.

The thermal performance of multilayer building wall systems under variable outdoor temperature conditions is an important factor in evaluating building energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort. This study presents a simplified analytical formulation based on the classical transient heat conduction theory together with a numerical model based on the finite difference method (FDM) implemented in the MATLAB R2026a (Update 5) environment. The analysis includes five types of multilayer wall systems with different structural compositions and thermal masses, combined with three thermal insulation materials (expanded polystyrene (EPS), mineral wool, and aerogel) and various insulation thicknesses, resulting in a total of 55 wall assembly configurations. The investigated wall systems are evaluated using the thermal transmittance coefficient (U-value), decrement factor, time lag, maximum heat flux, and the temporal variation in the interior wall surface temperature. The results demonstrated that the dynamic thermal behavior of multilayer wall systems depends on the combined effects of the thermal mass of the load-bearing layer, the type and thickness of the thermal insulation, and the thermophysical properties of the constituent materials. The comparison between the analytical formulation and the MATLAB simulations demonstrates consistent trends in the predicted thermal behavior of the investigated wall systems, supporting the applicability of the proposed analytical–numerical approach for the preliminary assessment of the thermal performance of multilayer building wall systems.