By 2050, Europe will become the first climate-neutral continent according to the vision of the European Union (EU). To tackle this challenge, the EU has scheduled the accomplishment of the 17 goals of the United Nations’s 2030 Agenda, with Goal 7 addressing the energy sector. The role of public policies is fundamental in this case; however, it is insufficient in some areas, e.g., when adopting green energy technologies. The purpose of this article is to identify the economic factors that are necessary to achieve Goal 7 of Agenda 2030. To realize the aim of this study and identify economic factors that are significant for implementing the targets of Goal 7 of the 2030 Agenda, two statistical methods were used: the Pearson linear correlation coefficient and linear regression modeling with a scatter plot to present the relationships. The results of this study confirm that in the EU, the possibility of achieving Goal 7 is dependent on the three economic determinants analyzed, i.e., GDP per capita, unemployment rate, and gross domestic spending on research and development. The analysis revealed that the impact of single economic factors on the realization of all SDG 7 targets is small because no economic factor correlates with even half of SDG 7 indicators.

The transition towards a low-carbon economy has increased the importance of green jobs, particularly in the renewable energy source (RES) sector, where employment supports sustainable development and the achievement of the European Green Deal objectives. This study analyses the spatial differentiation and structure of green jobs in the renewable energy sector across the 27 Member States of the European Union in 2020 and 2023 and assesses changes in the similarity of national employment structures over time. The empirical analysis was conducted using data from the EurObserv’ER Policy and Statistics Reports and the Eurostat database. Descriptive statistics, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples, hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s method, cluster validity measures, the Adjusted Rand Index, and sensitivity analysis were applied. The results indicate substantial heterogeneity in green employment structures across EU Member States and significant changes in selected dimensions of renewable energy employment. The most pronounced change concerned Solar PV and CSP, whose average share of green employment increased from 10.0% in 2020 to 27.4% in 2023, while the share of solid biomass declined. The cluster analysis identified seven clusters in 2020 and five in 2023; however, the reduction in the number of clusters alone does not provide sufficient evidence of overall convergence. The low similarity between the 2020 and 2023 partitions (ARI = 0.194) indicates substantial restructuring of country memberships. The findings therefore indicate reduced cross-country dispersion in selected dimensions, particularly those associated with solar energy, alongside substantial structural reorganisation and persistent regional technological specialisation across the European Union.