The management of natural resources based on socio-economic and ecology development has led to a focus on the bioeconomy in the policy discourse of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Honey is an important NTFP with high socio-economic value, and its production involves millions of Indonesians. This article reviews the current status of honey-producing bee management, cultivation and harvesting system, marketing and socio-economic values, and the industry’s environmental function in Indonesia. This research utilized a meta-narrative review method to collect data and information from Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, ResearchGate, Sinta, and Garuda. The study showed that the four bee species, namely Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, and stingless bee, are the most common species in honey production in Indonesia. The four species have specific characteristics based on habitat, production capacity, derivative products, management intervention to meet honey product standards, and sustainable livelihoods. The value chain of bees’ major products, such as honey, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, wax, and other derivative products, involves the distribution of honey to all involved communities, including beekeepers, honey gatherers/hunters, intermediate traders, and the processing industry. This study also found a significant association between environmental sustainability statutes that affects functional sustainability and economic function. The finding parallels the global trends that put forward a forest-based bioeconomy approach to forest resource management. The policy must be strengthened in managing relationships among supporting actors for sustainable honey production.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of creativity variables on student learning motivation. The method used in this research is a quantitative approach using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression statistical tests. Data collection techniques used a Likert attitude scale with four answer choices distributed to 32 students who were respondents in this study. The results showed that the variable obtained an average score of 41,68 which was included in the high category while the Student Learning Motivation variable obtained an average score of 36,50 which was also included in the high category. The results of data processing showed that there was an influence of creativity variables on Student Learning Motivation by 18,9 % meaning that changes in the learning Motivation variable by 18,9% could be explained by changes in creativity variables. Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh variable kreativitas terhadap motivasi belajar anak katekisasi sidhi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif dengan mengunakan regresi linear sederhana. Teknik pengumpulan data mengunakan skala sikap Likert dengan empat pilihan jawab yang dibaikan kepada 32 orang anak katekisasi sidhi yang menjadi responden dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa varia-bel kreativitas memperoleh skor rata-rata sebesar 41,68 yang termasuk dalam kate-gori tinggi sementara variabel motivasi belajar anak katekisasis sidhi memperoleh skor rata-rata sebesar 36,50 yang juga termasuk dalam kategori tinggi. Hasil pe-ngolahan data menunjukkan ada korelasi variabel kreativitas mengajar terhadap motivasi belajar anak katekisasi sidhi sebesar 18,9%, artinya perubahan dalam variabel motivasi belajar sebesar 18,9 % dapat dijelaskan oleh perubahan dalam variable kreativitas.

Introduction: the natural benefits of raru as a natural sweetness reducer. Batak people have practiced for generations, form the basis for exploring raru as a biomedicine ingredient for anti-diabetes. Objective: this study aims to combine the raru's bark extract with tapioca-derived MAC (mocaf activated carbon) to assess its effectiveness and bioactivity as an anti-diabetic agent in male Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: The carbonization technique used was inherently hydrothermal carbonization. For such, the modified tapioca flour was carbonized at a temperature of 250°C for 6 hours. Raru bark powder was extracted using ethanol 70 % by maceration for 72 hours. In vivo antidiabetic activity was used on Sprague Dawley rats, male, aged ± 12 weeks, with a weight of ± 250-350 grams. Results: the result showed that the anti-diabetic activity of the combined raru's extract and MAC exposed to the rats brought about the declines in glucose levels in the rat's blood. The various treatments at different concentration ratios of raru's extract and MAC supposedly efficacious in the experiments showed that the levels of blood level reduction were slightly varied (14-21%). The mixture of raru's extract and MAC with a 75:25 ratio was better than a 50:50 ratio in lowering the blood glucose level. Conclusion: In vivo experiments can reduce blood sugar levels diabetic rats. The involvement of MAC in the alleged anti-diabetic agent did little to induce the glucose level decrease in the rat's blood. However, raru's extract and MAC indicate its potential utilization as an anti-diabetic agent.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) support plant establishment and soil recovery in degraded lands, yet their long-term associations with vegetation in restored quarries remain poorly understood. This study quantified AMF spore density and genus-level occurrence in pioneer-plant rhizospheres at a cement quarry revegetated more than two decades earlier. AMF infective potential was assessed using Pueraria javanica trap cultures. Relationships among AMF attributes, vegetation strata, rhizosphere flavonoids, and soil chemical properties were evaluated using mixed-effects, correlation, and multivariate analyses. Trap-culture colonization was high across tree-, shrub-, and herb-associated inocula, with no significant difference among vegetation strata. Spore density differed significantly among strata and was highest in herbaceous rhizospheres, including Imperata cylindrica, Cymbopogon citratus, and Themeda gigantea; Eupatorium odoratum also supported high density among shrubs. Available phosphorus was the only soil property that remained significantly associated with spore density after accounting for vegetation stratum and plant species. Exchangeable potassium and soil organic carbon were positively correlated with spore density but did not remain significantly associated in the adjusted models. Total flavonoids differed strongly among vegetation strata but were not significantly associated with field AMF spore density after adjustment for vegetation stratum and plant species and were not correlated with trap-culture colonization or genus richness. Glomus sensu lato was the most frequently detected taxon. Trap-culture colonization of 70–90% and the positive association between available phosphorus and field spore density suggest that AMF propagule metrics may serve as candidate indicators of belowground condition in long-term tropical quarry restoration.

Context: Propolis from Tetragonula sp. has demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in studies. However, the limited absorption and permeability of flavonoids reduce their bioavailability and therapeutic use. Phytosomes, as nanocarriers, offer a promising way to improve the bioavailability of flavonoids. Aims: To develop a phytosomal gel incorporating ethanolic extract of Tetragonula sp. propolis (EEP) and to assess its anti-inflammatory efficacy utilizing a rat model of carrageenan-induced paw inflammation edema. Methods: Propolis was extracted via maceration utilizing 70% ethanol and subsequently evaluated for total flavonoid content. Phytosomes of EEP were prepared using the antisolvent precipitation method with varying propolis-to-phospholipid weight ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 2:1). The optimal formulation, determined by entrapment efficiency, was characterized using FTIR, TEM, and PSA techniques. The phytosomal formulation was then incorporated into a gel matrix. In vitro permeation assessments were performed utilizing a Franz diffusion cell. The anti-inflammatory effectiveness was assessed in a rat model of carrageenan-induced paw edema, with six rats per treatment group (n = 6). Data were statistically analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (p<0.05) via SPSS 19.0 software. Results: The highest entrapment efficiency (89.62 ± 0.79%) was observed at a 1:3 extract-phospholipid ratio. The optimized phytosomes demonstrated a particle size of 161.90 ± 2.00 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.389 ± 0.023, and a spherical shape. The phytosomal gel achieved a high cumulative permeation of 90.751  1.000% within 180 minutes. Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that the phytosomal gel produced a significantly greater inhibition of paw edema (p<0.05) than both the non-phytosomal propolis gel and the diclofenac sodium gel. Conclusions: The phytosomal gel of ethanolic propolis extract significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, demonstrating its potential as an effective topical delivery system for natural flavonoid-based therapies.