The objective of this research was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation parameters and in vitro Greenhouse gas (GHG) production derived from the fermentation of a balanced sheep diet with the addition of vegetable oils (canola, corn, safflower, and sunflower) or glycerol at different proportions (0, 20, and 40 g/kg of dry matter, DM). The fermentations showed that the highest G_max was obtained with the addition of 40 g/kg of sunflower oil and 20 g/kg of glycerol with values of 180.97 and 179.95 mL/g DM, respectively. The treatment with 40 g/kg DM of corn oil showed the lowest values in CH₄ production (7.15 mL/g DM when compared to the control) and it seemed to be a potential feeding strategy for reducing GHG emissions without affecting gas production. However, the N-NH₃ content for this treatment in both doses (1.90 and 1.88 mg/dL) indicated that some toxicity for the animal could be expected.

Livestock production raises significant environmental concerns, necessitating the development of sustainable feeding strategies based on non-conventional forages, such as locally available vegetation. This study evaluated the effects of a pelleted concentrate containing 10% Acacia farnesiana leaves as a dietary supplement on in vitro ruminal fermentation. Four experimental diets were formulated with increasing levels of the concentrate (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%). Analyses were performed in triplicate and included chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane production, fermentation kinetics, ammonia nitrogen concentration (N–NH₃), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and metabolizable energy (ME) estimation. The results revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in most gas production kinetic parameters, overall fermentation patterns, or metabolizable energy. In contrast, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in secondary metabolite concentrations was detected. While methane production remained unaltered (p > 0.05), a significant linear reduction was observed for IVDMD, the lag phase (L), and N–NH₃ concentration (p = 0.0064, p = 0.0036, and p < 0.0001, respectively). These findings suggest that A. farnesiana can be incorporated into ruminant concentrates without increasing methane emissions. However, in vivo trials and mechanistic studies are required to validate and further elucidate these results.

The genus Clonostachys comprises morphologically similar species whose delimitation often requires integrative taxonomic approaches. In this study, three fungal strains (RC2, RC5, and RC7) isolated from pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) straw collected in the Los Llanos region of Durango, Mexico, were examined using morphological and multilocus phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on five loci (ITS, LSU, TEF1, TUB2, and RPB2) consistently resolved the isolates as a single, strongly supported monophyletic lineage distinct from closely related species, including Clonostachys rhizophaga, C. chloroleuca, and C. kunmingensis. Morphologically, Clonostachys allendensis is distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relatives by a combination of yellowish perithecia, cylindrical to slightly ampulliform phialides, predominantly unicellular ellipsoidal conidia, and pale pink to salmon colony pigmentation. In addition, multilocus phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered C. allendensis as a distinct and well-supported lineage within Clonostachys. Among the isolates examined, strain RC7 (CM-CNRGᵀ) was designated as the type strain. Based on the combined molecular and morphological evidence, this lineage is herein described as Clonostachys allendensis sp. nov. This study expands current knowledge of Clonostachys diversity in Mexico and contributes to the understanding of fungal diversity associated with agricultural residues.

The aim of this study was the fermentation of cereal grains with Aspergillus oryzae at different times (0, 3, 5 and 7 days) to increase the total phenolic, protein and condensed tannins content. Therefore, four cereal grains were used: corn, oat, barley and sorghum. Cereal grains were subjected to a solid-state fermentation with de Aspergillus oryzae. Higher increases of protein in corn, oat and sorghum were observed at 5 and 7 days of fermentation. In relation to phenolic content, the highest content was shown at 7 days of fermentation in all grains. Otherwise, condensed tannins showed higher contents in corn and sorghum at 5 days of fermentation; whereas, oat reached higher contents at 7 days. No changes were observed in barley among 3 and 7 days of fermentation time. In conclusion, solid state fermentation increased phytochemicals and nutritional contents by changing fermentation time. http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2025.5 e2024-39 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILxhUfRZRLA El objetivo del presente trabajo fue fermentar granos de cereales con Aspergillus oryzae a diferentes tiempos (0, 3, 5 y 7 días) para incrementar su contenido fenólico total, proteico y taninos condensados. Para esto, se utilizaron granos de cuatro cereales: maíz, avena, cebada y sorgo. Los granos se sometieron a una fermentación en estado sólido con una cepa de Aspergillus oryzae. Los mayores incrementos de proteína cruda en maíz, sorgo y avena fueron observados a los 5 y 7 días de fermentación. En relación al contenido fenólico, se mostró el mayor contenido a los 7 días en todos los granos. Por otro lado, el contenido de taninos condensados mostró un mayor incremento en maíz y sorgo a los 5 días de fermentación, mientras que en avena se alcanzó a los 7 días. La cebada no mostró diferencias de 3 a 7 días. En conclusión, la fermentación en estado sólido incrementó el contenido fitoquímico y nutricional de cereales, al manipular el tiempo de fermentación. http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2025.5 e2024-39 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILxhUfRZRLA http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2025.5 e2024-39 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ILxhUfRZRLA

Background: The aim of present research was to evaluate under in vitro conditions, the effect of alfalfa hay substitution by raw garlic leaves on ruminal fermentation patterns and methane production in diets ruminants. Methods: Four treatments were evaluated: (T1) alfalfa hay (50%); (T2) alfalfa hay (33%) + raw garlic leaves (17%); (T3) alfalfa hay (17%) + raw garlic leaves (33%) and (T4) raw garlic leaves (50%). Result: The highest values of fractional rate of gas production (kd), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), propionate and microbial biomass synthesis (MBS) was recorded in T4 and the lowest in T1 (P less than 0.05). In contrast, the highest methane production was recorded in T1 and the lowest in T4 (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that the substitution of alfalfa hay by raw garlic leaves in diet with 50% roughages and 50% concentrate result in an improvement in vitro rumen fermentation pattern and decreases the methane production.