Triphala, a renowned polyherbal blend comprising three fruits, Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Terminalia chebula Retz., and Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., in equal proportions, holds a rich historical lineage in both Ayurvedic and Thai traditional medicine. Triphala has been reputed as the indigenous medicine in the Thailand National List of Essential Drugs: List of Herbal Medicinal Products which has been widely used as a natural remedy for relieving cough and phlegm. However, the inherent challenge of microbial contamination in herbal remedies necessitates effective interventions. Gamma () irradiation emerges as a pivotal method to mitigate the microbial burden in medicinal plants, albeit with potential repercussions on their chemical composition and biological properties. This study investigated the impact of -irradiation doses of 5, 10, and 25 kGy exposed to Triphala and the microbial contamination along with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), gallic acid (GA), and chebulagic acid (CA) contents. The TPC and antioxidant activity of non-irradiated and irradiated Triphala were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and DPPH assay, while the GA and CA contents were quantified by HPLC analysis. The results demonstrated the efficacy of radiation doses (5-25 kGy) in diminishing microbial loads without significantly altering TPC or DPPH scavenging activity. Intriguingly, irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy, resulted in a notable increase in GA contents and CA contents (p< 0.05). Thus, the -irradiation emerges as a promising avenue for preserving Triphala quality and antioxidant properties amidst microbial contamination challenges.

The translation of underutilized botanical resources into advanced therapeutic dosage forms represents a critical frontier in pharmaceutical sciences. This study systematically characterizes the phytochemical and biological profiles of three Acanthus species (Acanthus ebracteatus, Acanthus ilicifolius, and Acanthus montanus) to develop a functional, rapid-release effervescent mouthwash tablet for oral mucosal repair. Phytochemical screening demonstrated that ethanolic extraction selectively concentrated bioactive phenolics and saponins compared to conventional aqueous methods. The ethanolic A. montanus extract emerged as the premier candidate, exhibiting the highest total phenolic content, excellent biocompatibility with human gingival fibroblasts, and significant promotion of in vitro cellular migration. Furthermore, it demonstrated robust, broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy against key cariogenic (Streptococcus mutans) and opportunistic (Candida albicans) oral pathogens. To transition this botanical discovery into a viable delivery system, the optimized extract was integrated into an effervescent base via wet granulation utilizing absolute ethanol, followed by blending with extragranular excipients and single-stroke compression. The resulting optimized matrix, incorporating 10% sodium starch glycolate, achieved an ideal mechanical-kinetic balance, yielding exceptional structural toughness (0.23% friability) and rapid disintegration (2.02 min). Advanced 3D synchrotron X-ray tomographic microscopy revealed that this specific super-disintegrant ratio generates a highly interconnected, porous internal architecture driving accelerated capillary-mediated breakdown. Ultimately, this study successfully translates a botanical extract into a mechanistically optimized, functionally validated dosage form for targeted oral therapies.