Introduction. The primary task in assessing the probable risk of infection is to identify potential threats to the health and well-being of the population, determine the risks associated with the occupational activities of workers in various fields, including medical workers of various specialties, as well as analyze the effectiveness of measures already implemented to prevent them. Materials and methods. An analysis of literature data in the Russian and English-language segments, own and dissertation research was carried out, significant factors in the spread of COVID-19 for medical workers of different specialties were identified. Results. Based on the results of own research, the most significant risk factor in the spread of COVID-19 for medical workers was identified – failure to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters (49.5%). An assessment was made of the level of probable risk of COVID-19 infection in the workplace for medical workers. The majority estimated the probable risk of infection at 1–2 points, which is moderate or low. Doctors – epidemiologists: about 48% of respondents spend more than 5 hours in the outbreak; 55.0% maintain a social distance of 1–1.5 meters; 65.0% of respondents visit 1–2 centers per day. General practitioners: 42.6% have contact with 5 or fewer patients; 29.5% maintain a social distance of 1–1.5 meters and 42.6% of respondents spend 5-10 minutes per patient. Limitations. To implement this study, the required number of respondents was calculated using the method proposed by Viechtbauer W. et al. (2015). In this case, a 95% confidence interval and an expected response rate of 0.05 were set. According to the results obtained, at least ninety two people should take part in the study, which is a sufficient reference sample. Conclusion. According to epidemiologists, the most significant factor in the spread of COVID-19 was failure to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters and the failure to use masks when working with patients sick with the new coronavirus infection. According to general practitioners, the key factors in the spread of COVID-19 were the number of contacts with patients, the number of epicenters of infection visited, the length of the doctor’s stay at the site of the disease, as well as the distance during contact with the patient.

Background: Lower limb exoprostheses often lead to stump dermatological pathologies. The mechanisms by which mechanical microtraumas progress to non-healing ulcerative defects due to dysbiosis remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to analyze mechanical, inflammatory, and infectious stump skin complications and justify the role of bacterial and mycological dysbiosis in blocking tissue regeneration. Methods: A critical narrative review guided by SANRA principles was conducted (PubMed/Scopus, 1980–2026). Data were extracted with a structured query focusing on amputation stumps, prosthetic interfaces, and skin/microbiological complications (dysbiosis, biofilms, and inflammatory markers). Evidence was graded using predefined clinical matrices and integrated through structured evidence collations to synthesize stump–prosthesis pathogenesis. The PRISMA method was not applied due to study heterogeneity. Results: Skin damage dynamics were categorized into three stages: adaptation (up to 12 months), chronic reactive changes (12–24 months), and late proliferative-infectious destruction (>24 months). The sealed liner space creates 100% humidity and alkalization (pH > 6.5). This causes a mycological shift, where resident Malassezia spp. lose dominance to invasive Candida albicans and non-dermatophyte molds (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.). These pathogens form polymicrobial biofilms with Staphylococcus aureus. At the molecular level, delayed regeneration is driven by “frustrated phagocytosis”: macrophages, unable to engulf large fungal hyphae, continuously release reactive oxygen species and enzymes, trapping the wound in the inflammatory phase. Excessive matrix degradation and suppressed angiogenic factors further block epithelialization. Conclusions: The skin under a prosthesis socket forms a unique pathological biotope. Successful regeneration requires preventive mycobiota correction and targeted management of biophysical parameters (pH, humidity) within the “skin–liner” interface.

Background. Lower limb exoprostheses often lead to stump dermatological pathologies. The mechanisms by which mechanical microtraumas progress to non-healing ulcerative defects due to dysbiosis remain poorly understood. Study Objective. To analyze mechanical, inflammatory, and infectious stump skin complications and justify the role of bacterial and mycological dysbiosis in blocking tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods. Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles principles were used to quality control the narrative review. A targeted search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus databases. Search dates ranged date in January 1980 to May 2026. Results. Skin damage dynamics were categorized into three stages: adaptation (up to 12 months), chronic reactive changes (12–24 months), and late proliferative-infectious destruction (>24 months). The sealed sleeve space creates 100% humidity and alkalization (pH >6.5). This causes a "fungal shift," where resident Malassezia spp. lose dominance to invasive Candida albicans and non-dermatophyte molds (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.). These pathogens form polymicrobial biofilms with Staphylococcus aureus. At the molecular level, delayed regeneration is driven by “frustrated phagocytosis”: macrophages, unable to engulf large fungal hyphae, continuously release reactive oxygen species and enzymes, trapping the wound in the inflammatory phase. Excessive matrix degradation and suppressed angiogenic factors further block epithelialization. Conclusion. The skin under a prosthesis socket forms a unique pathological biotope. Successful regeneration requires preventive mycobiota correction and targeted management of biophysical parameters (pH, humidity) within the “skin-liner” interface.