Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen allergy is a major and growing public health problem worldwide, with clinical manifestations ranging from rhinitis and conjunctivitis to asthmatic episodes and anaphylaxis. The major ragweed allergen, Amb a 1, exhibits high IgE-binding potential and triggers type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Although allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) effectively induces long-term immune tolerance, conventional extract-based formulations face critical limitations including batch-to-batch variability, heterogeneous allergen composition, IgE-mediated adverse reactions, inconsistent immunogenicity, and poor patient compliance. This critical review synthesizes and evaluates published evidence on current synthetic vaccine strategies for ragweed AIT, with emphasis on their design, immunological performance, and quality control considerations. This review critically evaluates current approaches to synthetic vaccine development for ragweed AIT, with a particular focus on peptide-based constructs, recombinant proteins, DNA vaccines, and adjuvant-enhanced formulations, alongside corresponding quality control strategies. The available evidence indicates that synthetic vaccines provide a more rational, molecularly characterized trajectory for producing optimized AIT products with improved safety profiles, enhanced clinical efficacy, reduced injection frequency, and improved batch standardization relative to extract-based immunotherapy. These advances highlight the potential of synthetic vaccine platforms to support personalized immunotherapy and more effective disease-modifying treatment of allergic disorders.

Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen allergy is a major and growing public health problem worldwide, with clinical manifestations ranging from rhinitis and conjunctivitis to asthmatic episodes and anaphylaxis. The major ragweed allergen, Amb a 1, exhibits high IgE-binding potential and triggers type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Although allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) effectively induces long-term immune tolerance, conventional extract-based formulations face critical limitations including batch-to-batch variability, heterogeneous allergen composition, IgE-mediated adverse reactions, inconsistent immunogenicity, and poor patient compliance. This critical re-view synthesizes and evaluates published evidence on current synthetic vaccine strategies for ragweed AIT, with emphasis on their design, immunological performance, and quality control considerations. This review critically evaluates current approaches to synthetic vaccine development for ragweed AIT, with particular focus on pep-tide-based constructs, recombinant proteins, DNA vaccines, and adjuvant-enhanced formulations, alongside corresponding quality control strategies. The available evidence indicates that synthetic vaccines provide a more rational, molecularly characterized trajectory for producing optimized AIT products with improved safety profiles, enhanced clinical efficacy, reduced injection frequency, and improved batch standardization relative to extract-based immunotherapy. These advances highlight the potential of synthetic vaccine platforms to support personalized immunotherapy and more effective disease-modifying treatment of allergic disorders.

Introduction. Access to quality and affordable healthcare services by the people living in Nigeria faces numerous dynamic challenges, including shortages of medical personnel and equipment, and poor access to healthcare facilities by the population in remote areas. The purpose of the study is to assess the healthcare system in Nigeria based on various methods of analysis and a scientific review of the literature, revealing its strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities that the healthcare sector has, and offer recommendations for improving access to qualitative and affordable healthcare by its citizens. Materials and methods. An analysis of the prevalence of diseases and causes of mortality in the population was conducted from the World Bank databases, the website of the World Health Organization, the Ministry of Health of Nigeria and other scientific literature obtained from Internet sources. Information-analytical, statistical research methods, and system analysis were used. Results. The conducted review revealed an increase in the emigration of specialists from the country, exacerbating the shortage of medical personnel; insufficient funding, and irrational distribution of available resources in the Nigerian healthcare system; outdated material and technical service of basic healthcare funds; shortage of medicines and consumables; insufficient provision of the healthcare system with medical information and communication technologies; low impact of government initiatives including the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) on the quality and accessibility of healthcare for all segments of the population. Research limitations. The study is based on secondary official data that may not reflect regional differences within Nigeria. Conclusion. The conducted analysis of the state of development of the healthcare system in Nigeria can serve as a basis for developing recommendations for the implementation of health programs and policies aimed at ensuring accessible, timely and quality healthcare for all segments of the population of the country.