Introduction and purposePlatelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy represents a technology designed to enhance tissue repair by locally administering one's own bioactive agents, aiming to influence physiological processes like inflammation, angiogenesis, and extracellular matrix synthesis. Recently, the use of PRP therapy has become a subject of discussion in the orthopedic field. This review comprehensively examines the mechanisms, contemporary applications, clinical evidence, safety aspects, and potential future advancements of PRP in orthopedic treatment. Research has documented the efficacy of PRP injections in achieving full regeneration and enabling a comeback to competitive sports. PRP injections could serve as a viable alternative treatment for individuals with lateral tendonitis when compared to surgery. Further research investigating the impact of PRP on the bone healing process following a fracture is warranted. Materials and methods The methodology for conducting literature search involved utilizing medical subject headings terms to explore PubMed. Search terms included: "plasma-rich therapy", "tendinopathy", "injury" " articular cartilage ", "bone fracture " ConclusionsResearch at different evidence levels has shown that PRP is safe and has beneficial effects in above uses. Due to the autologous nature of the therapy, side effects are minimal. In the majority of cases, PRP therapy alleviates pain sensations in both short- and long-term observations, facilitating a faster return to daily functionality. However, additional randomized, controlled clinical trials are anticipated to be conducted in the future. Progressing further necessitates the standardization of methods for preparing plasma and procedures for its application.

Zespół Sjögrena (Sjögren’s syndrome – SS) jest przewlekłą, autoimmunologiczną chorobą układową o charakterze zapalnym. Występują w nim limfocytarne nacieki zapalne w gruczołach wydzielania zewnętrznego, co prowadzi do ich znacznej dysfunkcji i zniszczenia. Stan chorobowy najczęściej obejmuje gruczoły łzowe i ślinianki, co powoduje suchość oczu i suchość w jamie ustnej. W pracy opisano przypadek 64-letniej kobiety, która od 6 lat odczuwała dyskomfort w prawym oku. Okulista rozpoznał zaćmę początkową obu oczu, owrzodzenie rogówki oka prawego i podwinięcie powieki dolnej prawej wymagające interwencji chirurgicznej. Pomimo udanego zabiegu rzęsy zaczęły nieprawidłowo odrastać i podrażniać rogówkę. W krótkim czasie problem nieprawidłowo rosnących rzęs objął również powieki lewego oka. Rzęsy powiek obu oczu wielokrotnie usuwano mechanicznie. Na podstawie objawów, dodatniego wyniku testu Schirmera oraz obecności przeciwciał SS-A rozpoznano SS. W kolejnych latach w obu oczach pacjentki rozwinęły się keratopatia wraz z ubytkami nabłonka rogówki, zaawansowana zaćma, podwinięcie górnych powiek oraz związany z tym nieprawidłowy wzrost rzęs. Stany te wymagały intensywnego leczenia farmakologicznego oraz chirurgicznego, w tym naszycia błony owodniowej na powierzchnię oka prawego, plastyki powiek, zamknięcia punktów łzowych i operacji zaćmy. Pomimo leczenia u pacjentki występują obecnie liczne zrosty spojówkowe oraz unaczynione bielmo rogówki prawego oka. Oprócz objawów ocznych pacjentka wykazuje objawy ze strony innych narządów.

Introduction and purpose Botulinum toxin has been used in medicine since the 1970s, although many years earlier it was known only as a biological weapon. Originally, it was used in medicine to treat strabismus in children. Over time, it has been used in the treatment of neurological disorders, excessive sweating of the armpits, wrinkles, and bladder disorders. In recent years, botulinum toxin has also begun to be used in wound healing. The paralyzing effect of botulinum toxin on the muscles within the wound eliminates micro-injuries caused by tension in these muscles. The aim of the article is to summarize information on the effects of botulinum toxin on the wound, its impact on inflammation, and the type of scar formation. Materials and methods The literature included in the PubMed databases is searched through the words such as botulinum toxin, wounds, and scars. Description of the state of knowledge: The literature review shows the breadth of the issue. Scientific studies showing the effect of using botulinum toxin on wounds emphasize its beneficial effects. However, it should be remembered that wound healing has a complex, dynamic course supported by numerous cellular processes that must be closely coordinated to effectively repair damaged tissues. Determinants influencing the course of wound healing include both local and systemic factors. Important factors influencing the process of proper wound healing are specialized wound preparation, pharmacotherapy, and other aspects of therapeutic intervention. Conclusions The range of applications of botulinum toxin is constantly expanding. In addition to reducing muscle tension within the wound, it also inhibits the production of inflammatory transmitters, limiting its development, and also reduces the development of microcirculation by preventing the development of vessels in hypertrophic scars.

Background/Objectives: Breast MRI is the most sensitive modality for breast cancer detection, but long examination times, high costs, and limited availability restrict its use. Abbreviated breast MRI (AB-MRI) aims to preserve clinically relevant information while reducing acquisition and interpretation times. This narrative review summarizes evidence through 2026 on AB-MRI protocols, diagnostic performance, clinical applications, limitations, and emerging developments. Methods: Clinical studies, reviews, guidelines, implementation studies, and technical investigations of AB-MRI for screening, surveillance, preoperative assessment, neoadjuvant chemotherapy response, postoperative imaging, ultrafast MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, artificial intelligence, and patient experience were reviewed. Results: AB-MRI can achieve diagnostic performance comparable to full-protocol MRI in selected screening and surveillance settings while substantially reducing scan and reading times. Multireader data in women with extremely dense breasts showed no significant differences in sensitivity or specificity versus full MRI. However, performance depends on protocol composition and clinical setting; T2-weighted imaging and DWI may improve specificity or diagnostic performance in selected applications. Recent studies also support sequential screening, surveillance after breast cancer, and neoadjuvant response assessment, while limitations remain for invasive lobular carcinoma, small lesions, non-mass enhancement, and disease extent. Emerging strategies include ultrafast MRI, adaptive AI-based imaging, AI-generated gadolinium-free contrast enhancement, and DWI-based protocol optimization. Conclusions: AB-MRI is best viewed as a flexible, indication-specific strategy rather than a single universal protocol. It is particularly promising for supplemental screening and surveillance, but prospective multicenter validation and protocol standardization remain necessary.

Arnold Chiari syndrome, also known as Chiari malformation, is a group of deformations of the posterior cranial fossa and hindbrain, consisting in the lowering of the cerebellum or its tonsils towards the occipital foramen. This leads to a reduction in the volume reserve within the foramen magnum, pressure on surrounding structures and obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. The process is most often asymptomatic. Symptoms include headaches, neck pain, but also fainting, sinus bradycardia, coordination disorders and many others. Chiari malformation is often diagnosed incidentally. The basis of diagnosis is the detection of characteristic morphological features in magnetic resonance imaging. Surgical treatment is successfully used among patients with severe Arnold-Chiari syndrome and progression of clinical symptoms. Materials and methods Literature included in the PubMed, BioMed Central and Polish Medical Platform databases searched by means of the words such as Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, radiosurgery, stereotactic radiotherapy. Sources quoted in selected works were also used. Summary Arnold-Chiari malformation is often discovered incidentally. If the features observed on MRI suggest the above diagnosis, the patient should be referred to a neurologist. After excluding other possible causes of the imaged morphological features and performing a dedicated magnetic resonance imaging examination, the neurosurgeon decides whether to qualify for the procedure. In a selected group of patients, significant improvement can be expected after surgical treatment.

Zaburzenia pola widzenia są związane z chorobami narządu wzroku, ośrodkowego układu nerwowego lub przysadki mózgowej, takimi jak retinopatie, zaburzenia nerwu wzrokowego, patologie dróg wzrokowych czy stany rozrostowe. Dziewczynka, lat 17, z wieloma chorobami endokrynologicznymi – hiperprolaktynemia, niedoczynność tarczycy, hiperinsulinemia, otyłość i choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa – zgłaszała zaburzenia pola widzenia, które zostały potwierdzone w kinetycznym i statycznym badaniu pola widzenia. Rezonans magnetyczny głowy nie wykazał istotnych patologii. Badanie dna oka również nie wykazało nieprawidłowości. Nasilenie zaburzeń w obrębie pola widzenia zmieniało się z biegiem czasu. Występowały okresy pogorszenia, kiedy pole widzenia zawężało się do widzenia tunelowego, a także okresy poprawy. Dokładny wywiad oraz analiza dokumentacji psychiatrycznej wykazały, że epizody zaburzeń pola widzenia zależą od fazy choroby afektywnej dwubiegunowej. W manii pole widzenia poprawiało się, w depresji ulegało zawężeniu. Opisany przypadek pokazuje, że nie tylko choroby somatyczne mogą prowadzić do wad pola widzenia. Po wykluczeniu organicznych chorób rozrostowych, chorób ośrodkowego układu nerwowego czy zwyrodnienia siatkówki konieczne jest poszerzenie diagnostyki różnicowej o dokładny wywiad lekarski, obejmujący choroby psychiatryczne w rodzinie, a także badanie psychiatryczne samego pacjenta. Wykluczenie neuropatii wzrokowej i zmian strukturalnych mózgu u prezentowanej pacjentki sugeruje, że przyczyną objawów jest choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa.