Background: Intermittent fasting and carbohydrate-restricted dietary strategies have been investigated for improving insulin resistance and glycemic control, but interventions and study populations differ substantially. Objective: To summarize reported effects on fasting insulin, HOMAIR, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and the GH/IGF-1 axis in adults with excess weight or metabolic disorders. Methods: A systematic review of controlled dietary interventions was described using searches of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for reports published from January 2016 to March 2026. Random-effects standardized mean differences (SMDs) were transcribed from the corresponding supplementary forest plots. Results: The available plots include eight estimates for insulin (SMD -0.79; 95% CI -1.03 to -0.56; I² 22.17%), seven for HOMA-IR (-0.84; -1.10 to -0.58; I² 26.21%), 13 for fasting glucose (-0.60; -0.84 to -0.35; I² 62.66%), and seven for HbA1c (-0.81; -1.17 to -0.44; I² 64.15%). Only one study supplied GH/IGF-1 findings. The source PRISMA diagram and descriptive study table disagree on the number of included entries, preventing confirmation of a unique participant total from the supplied documents. Conclusions: The reported summaries favor lower markers of insulin resistance and glycemic exposure during the evaluated dietary interventions. Their clinical interpretation is limited by mixed protocols, incomplete outcome reporting, uncertainty about the precise within-study contrasts, and the absence of a documented study-level risk-of-bias evaluation.

Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty (CDGP) is the most common cause of delayed puberty and a prevalent complaint in pediatric endocrinology, often associated with short stature in adolescence. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available evidence to estimate the prevalence of CDGP in this population. Following PRISMA guidelines, searches were conducted across multiple databases with no initial date restriction. Observational studies reporting the proportion of CDGP in adolescents with short stature were included. The quantitative synthesis used a random-effects model. Ten studies, totaling 1,516 participants, met the criteria. The pooled prevalence of delayed puberty was 69.7% (95% CI: 23.8% to 94.4%). However, heterogeneity among studies was extremely high (I² = 98.5%), and the confidence interval is wide, reflecting substantial uncertainty. Subgroup analyses indicated that age range, diagnostic criteria, and, most importantly, selection bias in referral settings are the main sources of this variation. It is concluded that the reported prevalence of CDGP is highly variable and contingent on clinical context and methodological definitions, not representing a robust population estimate. Future studies with standardized criteria and more diverse populations are needed.

This systematic review compared the efficacy of injectable versus transdermal testosterone inincreasing lean body mass (LBM) in adult men with hypogonadism over 12 weeks. An analysisof five studies, including clinical trials, revealed that both formulations significantly increaseLBM. However, injectable testosterone (enanthate/cypionate) demonstrated potentially greaterpotency and superior absolute gains, attributed to its supraphysiological serum peaks. Incontrast, transdermal testosterone (gel) provided a more predictable, dose-dependent, and stableincrease in LBM, with a favorable tolerability profile despite the risk of skin irritation. Theevidence suggests that injectable testosterone may be more effective for maximizing muscleanabolism in the short term, while the transdermal route offers superior hormonal stability.Therefore, the choice of therapy should be individualized, balancing the goal of maximizingmuscular gains against the preference for treatment convenience and stability

Background: Male hypogonadism is associated with sexual, physical, and psychological manifestations, and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is used to restore testosterone levels and relieve symptoms. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of TRT in adult men with hypogonadism across erectile function, hypogonadal symptoms, fatigue, body composition, waist circumference, urinary symptoms, and quality of life. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidance. PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were searched. Fourteen studies involving 1,388 participants were included. Effect estimates were synthesized as standardized mean differences using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed with I ² , Cochran’s Q, and τ ² . Results: TRT was associated with favorable pooled effects on erectile function, hypogonadal symptoms, fatigue, lean mass, fat mass, waist circumference, and quality of life. No consistent effect was observed for lower urinary tract symptoms. Heterogeneity was high for erectile function, hypogonadal symptoms, waist circumference, and urinary symptoms; moderate for body-composition outcomes; and low for fatigue and quality of life. Randomized trials generally yielded smaller effect estimates than observational studies. Conclusions: TRT was associated with improvement across several clinical and body-composition outcomes in hypogonadal men, although effect magnitude varied substantially by outcome and study design. The high heterogeneity for several outcomes and the larger estimates in observational studies warrant cautious interpretation and support the need for longer, high-quality randomized trials.

Background: Prenatal exposure to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may influence immune development, but associations with allergic disorders in childhood remain inconsistent. Objective: To evaluate the association of maternal omega-3 exposure during pregnancy with childhood asthma, wheeze, eczema, and allergic nasal disease. Methods: This systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis included 13 independent study populations contributing 22 outcome-specific estimates. Prenatal dietary intake, biomarkers, fish consumption, and supplementation were considered. Random-effects models used restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation with modified Knapp-Hartung inference; pooled effects are presented as log odds ratios (logORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: For asthma (k = 5), pooled logOR was -0.240 (95% CI -0.444 to -0.036; p = 0.031; I² = 0.0%). For wheeze (k = 5), logOR was -0.071 (95% CI -0.176 to 0.035; p = 0.137; I² = 31.3%). For eczema (k = 7), logOR was -0.106 (95% CI -0.839 to 0.627; p = 0.736; I² = 78.4%). For allergic nasal disease (k = 5), logOR was -0.078 (95% CI -0.461 to 0.305; p = 0.602; I² = 72.8%). Conclusions: Higher maternal omega-3 exposure was associated with lower pooled odds of childhood asthma, whereas associations for the other outcomes were statistically inconclusive. Differences in exposure definitions, study designs, and allergy phenotypes limit causal interpretation.

Background: Intermittent fasting, ketogenic diets, and carbohydrate restriction can alter body weight and body composition, but loss of adipose and lean tissue must be distinguished. Objective: To summarize the reported effects of dietary interventions on body weight or body mass index (BMI), total fat mass, visceral or central adiposity, and lean or muscle mass among adults with overweight or obesity. Methods: Controlled dietary intervention studies were described in the source systematic review following PRISMA guidance. Outcome estimates and heterogeneity were transcribed from its study-specific supplementary forest plots. Results: The supplementary syntheses reported 21 estimates for weight/BMI (SMD -0.97, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.86; I² 79.66%), nine for total fat mass (-0.94, -1.06 to -0.81; I² 27.86%), eight for visceral or central adiposity (-0.80, -0.98 to -0.63; I² 74.16%), and eleven for lean/muscle mass (-0.08, -0.48 to 0.31; I² 96.48%). The original manuscript and descriptive tables give inconsistent total participant counts. Conclusions: The available summary effects favor lower weight and fat-related indicators, whereas pooled lean-mass effects are inconclusive. Clinical interpretation is constrained by intervention diversity, different body-composition measurements, extensive lean-mass heterogeneity, and original uncertainty in the computation of some study-level standard errors.