Today, there is an urgent need in our country to develop and implement new energy - and resource-saving technologies for wastewater treatment and water treatment. The need for such a system is determined by the urgency of the tasks of protecting the health of the population, agricultural products, and other biological objects. Wastewater is contaminated with radioactive substances, heavy metal ions, toxic substances, and pathogenic microbes. During the work, wastewater contaminated with heavy metal ions Cd2+, Pb2+ was treated with a natural zeolite material. The mechanism of water purification from metal ions is based on the porous structure and adsorption capacity of zeolite. Heavy metal ions diffuse into the pores of the zeolite material, displacing sodium ions, which are structural modifiers. The zeolite treatment process was carried out by measuring the permeability of wastewater using a conductometer and comparing its results with the value of the permeability of distilled water. According to the results obtained, this method can be used to completely purify wastewater from heavy metal ions.

Numerous harmful substances of anthropogenic origin that are released into the environment, including petroleum products, are the result of the uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastewater into natural water bodies. Operation of oil refining and petrochemical industry enterprises, gaseous emissions and effluents of industrial enterprises, numerous oil and NP spills as a result of accidents and fires at oil storage facilities and oil refineries lead to pollution of water and soil with considerable amounts of crude oil and products of its processing and create a serious threat to the ecology of regions of Kazakhstan. A cardinal solution to the problem of protection of water bodies from pollution by wastewater polluted by oil and NP is to organize such water management of enterprises, under which the system of recycling water supply is developed as much as possible and the discharge of wastewater into water bodies is minimized. Currently, the sorption method of water purification is the most environmentally safe and expedient. When selecting a sorbent for sorption much attention is paid to its sorption characteristics and the availability of raw materials. In addition, the choice of a sorbent depends on such factors as the quality requirement for purification, the condition of pollutants, the stages of purification and others. A wide range of natural sorption materials used in water treatment and water treatment is known. Natural materials based on modified diatomites and zeolites from Kazakhstan deposits are investigated in this work.

The increasing demand for non-ferrous, precious, and rare metals necessitates more comprehensive and efficient use of mineral raw materials, such as gold-antimony ores and concentrates. A promising approach is the use of pyrometallurgical processing in a fluidized bed, which offers more efficient heat and mass transfer than conventional technologies. This study aims to investigate the evaporation kinetics of antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) from gold-antimony ores and concentrates in a fluidized bed under various conditions. The experiments involved varying temperature (923-1223 K), particle size (0.09-2.0 mm), and layer thickness (5-15 mm) to determine the evaporation rate of Sb2S3. The experimental setup consisted of a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor equipped with a controlled gas flow of nitrogen mixed with sulfur vapor. The evaporation rates were measured using a gravimetric method and confirmed by X-ray diffraction and microscopic analysis of samples. The results show that the evaporation rate of Sb2S3 in a fluidized bed is 7-9 times higher than in a fixed bed. This is due to significantly improved heat and mass transfer in the fluidized system. At 1023 K, the overall evaporation rate increased with decreasing grain size. This is associated with an increase in the total surface area of the material, but the specific evaporation rate normalized to unit surface area was independent of particle size. The process was not significantly affected by bed height in the range of 5-15 mm. Antimony recovery into sublimates improved by 2-3% compared to conventional technology. It reached 98-99% due to suppression of Sb2O5 formation. These findings confirm the efficiency of supplying an inert gas with sulfur vapors into the fluidized bed. This reduces harmful gas emissions and minimizes dust entrainment. It also allows for effective distillation of volatile components at lower temperatures.

In this present work, we offer the design of good, wideband microwave absorption materials (MAMs) based on CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (carbon black/MnNiZn ferrite). The ferrite is prepared by a self-combustion method using sucrose as fuel. The chemical is utilized for the synthesis of carbon black nanopowder is carbon black powder (2–8 μm). Then, the operation is continued via mixing carbon black and MnNiZn ferrite through the grinding balls. Four various weight ratios of CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (1:0, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) with various thicknesses (2–4–6 mm) are prepared. X-ray diffractometry and FTIR spectroscopy are utilized in order to characterize samples. The morphology of the powders is investigated by SEM. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and microwave absorption properties are measured in the frequency band of 8.8–12 GHz to accomplish the practical characterization. The MAMs show broad bandwidths under -10 dB in the range of 0.3–3.2 GHz and reasonable surface density in the range of 2.91–3.66 kg/m2 with a weight ratio within a paraffin matrix of 40% w/w. The MAM shows a minimal reflection loss of -18.3 dB at the frequency of 11.4 GHz for the thickness of 2 mm. The maximum shielding efficiency is 18.5 dB at 11.5 GHz for 2 mm thickness of the CB/F-21 nanocomposite sample. Бұл жұмыста CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (қара көміртек /MnNiZn ферриті) негізіндегі кең жолақты микротолқынды сіңіру материалдарының жасалынуы ұсынылған. Ферриттер сахарозаны отын ретінде қолдану арқылы өздігінен жану арқылы алынады. Химиялық зат көміртекті қара ұнтақ (2–8 мкм) болып табылатын наноұнтақ синтезі үшін қолданылады. Операция содан кейін ұнтақтау шарлары арқылы қара көміртекті және MnNiZn ферритін араластыру арқылы жалғасады. Әртүрлі қалыңдықтағы (2, 4, 6 мм) CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (1:0, 1:1, 2:1 және 3:1) төрт түрлі салмақ қатынасы дайындалады. Үлгілерді сипаттау үшін рентгендік дифракция және FTIR спектроскопиясы қолданылады. Ұнтақтардың морфологиясы SEM көмегімен зерттеледі. Практическалық сипаттамаларды алу үшін электромагниттік кедергілерді (EMI) қорғау және микротолқынды жұту қасиеттері 8,8-12 ГГц жиілік диапазонында өлшенді. Микротолқынды жұтатын материалдар 0,3-3,2 ГГц диапазонында -10 дБ-ден төмен кең өткізу қабілеттілігіне және салмағы бойынша 40% парафиндік матрицадағы салмақ қатынасында 2,91-3,66 кг/м2 диапазонында қолайлы аумақтық тығыздыққа ие. Микротолқынды жұтатын материал қалыңдығы 2 мм болатын 11,4 ГГц жиілікте -18,3 дБ кері шағылуын көрсетеді. Қалыңдығы 2 мм CB/F-21 нанокомпозиттік үлгісі үшін экрандаудың максималды тиімділігі 11,5 ГГц жиілікте 18,5 дБ-ді құрайды. В данной работе нами предложена разработка материалов с широкополосным поглощением микроволнового излучения на основе CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (черный углерод/феррит MnNiZn). Ферриты получены методом самовозгорания с использованием сахарозы в качестве топлива. Химикат используется для синтеза нанопорошка, представляющего собой порошок сажи (2–8 мкм). Затем операцию продолжают путем перемешивания сажи и феррита MnNiZn через мелющие шары. Готовят четыре различных весовых соотношения CB/Mn0.1Ni0.5Zn0.4Fe2O4 (1:0, 1:1, 2:1 и 3:1) различной толщины (2, 4, 6 мм). Рентгеновская дифрактометрия и FTIR-спектроскопия используются для определения характеристик образцов. Морфологию порошков исследуют с помощью СЭМ. Экранирование электромагнитных помех (ЭМП) и свойства поглощения микроволн измеряются в полосе частот 8,8–12 ГГц для получения практических характеристик. Материалы, поглощающие микроволновое излучение, имеют широкую полосу пропускания ниже -10 дБ в диапазоне 0,3–3,2 ГГц и приемлемую поверхностную плотность в диапазоне 2,91–3,66 кг/м2 при весовом соотношении в парафиновой матрице 40% по весу. Материал, поглощающий микроволновое излучение, при толщине 2 мм демонстрирует минимальное значение обратной потери (-18,3 дБ) на частоте 11,4 ГГц. Максимальная эффективность экранирования составляет 18,5 дБ на частоте 11,5 ГГц для...

This article presents the results of a study on the layered combustion of low-grade Ekibastuz coal blended with biomass additives aimed at improving the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of small- and medium-scale energy systems. Corn waste, which is a by‑product of agro‑industrial production, was used as a bio‑additive. Comprehensive physico-chemical analysis of the original components was carried out, including determination of their calorific value. Based on the obtained data, fuel mixtures with different biomass contents were prepared, which allowed an in-depth analysis of co-combustion processes and the relationship between the proportion of biomass, the calorific value of the mixture, the combustion efficiency, and the level of pollutant emissions to be determined. The results showed that the most optimal composition is a fuel mixture with a biomass content in the range of 20-30% and coal in the range of 70-80%, providing the best combination of energy and environmental performance. Calculations and experimental studies of layered combustion parameters in installations with a fixed layer have been performed. It was demonstrated that the addition of 20–30% biomass intensifies the combustion process, increases the overall calorific value of the fuel blend, and reduces the concentration of harmful substances in flue gases compared to the combustion of pure coal. Rational process conditions have been defined, including the optimal height of the fuel layer, temperature regimes, and combustion duration. The results confirm the high prospects of using fuel mixtures based on low-grade coal and biomass as a cleaner and more sustainable solution for heat supply of small and medium-sized energy systems in Kazakhstan.