This study presents the first comprehensive greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory for Quang Tri Province, Vietnam, using the City Inventory Reporting and Information System (CIRIS) tool at the BASIC level. The inventory covers the stationary energy, transportation, and waste sectors, utilising 2022 activity data and nationally approved emission factors. The total GHG emissions were estimated at 1,987,208 tons of CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e), with the stationary energy sector contributing the largest share (76.4%), followed by transportation (16.2%) and waste (7.4%). The per capita emissions were 3.1 tons CO₂e, comparable to neighbouring provinces. The results highlight key emission sources, including electricity use in residential and industrial buildings, and road transport fueled with gasoline and diesel. A mitigation scenario with improved building energy efficiency and rooftop solar systems could cut emissions by approximately 274,000 tons CO₂e annually. Although the CIRIS tool does not require a full uncertainty analysis, this study nevertheless identifies potential data limitations related to informal energy use and under-reported waste flows. It recommends incorporating sensitivity or Monte Carlo simulations in future inventories to quantify uncertainties. By establishing a reliable GHG emissions baseline, we provide a critical input for developing targeted climate mitigation strategies and support Vietnam’s broader commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

This study examines the relationship between food consumption at the household level and greenhouse gas emissions in Hue City, Vietnam, using a survey of 400 households and emission factors derived from Life Cycle Analysis. The study underscores the significant contribution of household food consumption patterns to greenhouse gas emissions, with animal-based products, particularly beef and seafood, the primary drivers because of their high emission factors. In 2023, the city’s households generated around 3,068,534 tons of CO₂e from food consumption, highlighting the urgent need for dietary shifts toward plant-based foods to mitigate environmental impact. Additionally, the substantial food waste of 23,658 tons per year—caused by unplanned food shopping, poor meal planning, and improper storage—results in greenhouse gas emissions of 21,055 tons of CO₂e. The reliance on traditional markets for locally sourced food offers a positive note, as it reduces transport-related emissions, but current consumption and waste management practices remain unsustainable. The study argues for promoting plant-based diets, improved food waste management strategies, increased awareness of sustainable consumption, improved food systems, and comprehensive education on climate-resilient practices. These results highlight gaps in the policy framework of Hue City and other fast urbanising cities while aiding in formulating climate mitigation and sustainability policies for Vietnam.

Assessing seagrass restoration requires looking beyond biological recovery to include environmental, social, and management factors. To address this in Cu Lao Cham Nature Reserve, Vietnam, we developed a 31-indicator Monitoring–Evaluation–Learning and Drivers–Pressures–State–Impact–Response (MEL–DPSIR) framework spanning five key dimensions. We derived indicator targets from international standards, national policy, baseline data, and local stakeholder input. Using a fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation, the Biological–Ecological dimension received the highest integrated weight (0.34), followed by Community Livelihoods (0.28), while Learning received the lowest weight (0.05)—a ranking that proved robust under sensitivity testing. Because empirical restoration data are not yet available, this paper presents the framework design rather than empirical testing. Ultimately, our framework offers a flexible decision-support tool meant to be refined through real-world monitoring cycles.