Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health burden, with immunological mechanisms playing a pivotal role in shaping diagnostics, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding research trends in this domain can inform clinical and public health efforts. This study aimed to analyse the global research landscape on TB-associated immunological responses between 2016 and 2025 using bibliometric methods, identifying key themes, collaborations, and research gaps relevant to hospital and clinical medicine. Using Scopus, 8697 peer-reviewed original articles were retrieved, focusing on TBIRR. Bibliometrix, VOSviewer, and Excel analyzed publication trends, co-authorship, and keyword co-occurrence. Thematic maps and dendrograms categorized research themes and their evolution. TBIRR shows robust global collaboration but a declining publication rate. China and the U.S. lead contributions, while African nations are underrepresented. Key themes include HIV-TB co-infection, BCG vaccination, and immunotherapy, with post-COVID shifts toward vaccine research. Gaps in diagnostic development and regional research capacity persist. TBIRR is dynamic yet faces challenges in publication growth and equitable contributions. Future efforts should prioritize funding, South-South collaborations, and translational research to address diagnostic gaps and advance TB prevention and treatment, aligning with global health goals.

Background and Objectives: Thyroid dysfunction and dysglycemia often coexist, but cross-sectional associations may reflect the populations sampled rather than a graded biochemical relationship. We compared the glycemic profile of adults with abnormal thyroid function tests with that of a euthyroid comparison group and examined whether thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were associated with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) within groups. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 331 adults from Jazan, Saudi Arabia: 230 with abnormal thyroid function tests from three hospital laboratories and 101 patients selected for normal thyroid function tests and normal glucose values. Participants were classified by TSH as euthyroid (n = 102), hyperthyroid pattern (n = 56) or hypothyroid pattern (n = 173). Spearman correlations, Kruskal–Wallis tests and robust linear regression were used, with multiple-imputation, threshold, restriction and sex-stratified sensitivity analyses. Results: In the whole cohort, TSH correlated with HbA1c (ρ = 0.59) and FPG (ρ = 0.63; both p < 0.001); median HbA1c was 5.1%, 5.8% and 6.6% in the euthyroid, hyperthyroid pattern and hypothyroid pattern groups. Within the hypothyroid pattern group, TSH was unrelated to HbA1c (ρ = 0.00) and FPG (ρ = 0.07), and overt and subclinical patterns had the same median HbA1c (6.6%). Thyroid function group alone explained 46% of HbA1c variance; continuous thyroid parameters, age, sex and body mass index explained 18%. Conclusions: The between-group differences and pooled correlations reflect a two-source design in which the comparison group was selected for normal glucose values. No graded relationship between thyroid function and glycemia was detectable within groups, and causal or directional inference is not supported.

Background Graphene-based nanomaterials are increasingly explored for cancer diagnosis and therapy, yet a comprehensive mapping of their scholarly landscape is lacking. Methods On 13 March 2025, a total of 4917 records (2016–2025) were retrieved from the Scopus database using a multistep search strategy. Bibliometric indicators were analyzed with Bibliometrix (R-package), VOSviewer, and CiteSpace to evaluate research growth, collaboration, intellectual structures, and thematic evolution. Results Publications grew at an annual rate of 2.97%, with China leading in both productivity and citations. Bradford’s Law identified 21 core journals, and leading contributors included LI Y and ZHANG Y. Collaboration networks showed dense interinstitutional and international links, particularly across Asia. Keyword and thematic analyses highlighted enduring focuses such as “graphene oxide,” “drug delivery,” and “biosensors,” while emerging trends included “plasmon resonance biosensor,” “brain tumor detection,” and advanced therapeutic applications. Co-citation and overlay mapping revealed conceptual shifts toward precision diagnostics and targeted therapies. Conclusion This study provides the first integrated bibliometric roadmap of graphene-based cancer research (2016–2025), outlining its growth trajectory, knowledge structures, and evolving themes. Findings inform researchers, funding agencies, and policymakers on current strengths, translational challenges, and priority directions for advancing graphene-based innovations in oncology.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major challenge among hospitalized patients, particularly when bacterial infection coexists with laboratory evidence of organ dysfunction. This study assessed AMR patterns and laboratory abnormality burden among hospitalized patients in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 43 hospitalized patients with a culture-positive bacterial isolate and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) results at King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, from 1 January 2019 to 1 January 2022. Demographic, ward, organism-identification, antimicrobial susceptibility, hematological, coagulation, and biochemical data were analyzed. Only AST results for agents applicable to the identified organism were analyzed. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was primarily defined as non-susceptibility to at least one antimicrobial agent in three or more antimicrobial categories, with intermediate and resistant results grouped as non-susceptible. An alternative resistance-based sensitivity analysis classified isolates as MDR when resistance was detected to three or more individual antimicrobial agents, regardless of antimicrobial category. Laboratory abnormalities were classified using institutional reference ranges, with sex-specific hemoglobin intervals and a random-glucose threshold of >140 mg/dL. Results: The median age was 41 years (IQR, 28.0–58.5), and 22 patients were female (51.2%). The most frequent admission locations were the intensive care unit (27.9%), female medical ward (20.9%), and male neurology ward (20.9%). Gram-negative bacilli accounted for 60.5% of the total isolates. The most common organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis (20.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.9%), and Acinetobacter baumannii complex (16.3%). MDR was identified in 30/43 isolates (69.8%) using the primary class-based non-susceptibility definition and in 30/43 isolates (69.8%) using the alternative resistance-based definition. All MDR-stratified clinical and laboratory comparisons were based on the primary class-based definition. High resistance rates were observed for oxacillin (11/11 staphylococci, 100%), erythromycin (81.2%), levofloxacin (61.1%), imipenem (56.0%), ceftazidime (53.8%), meropenem (50.0%), and cefepime (50.0%) among the tested isolates. No resistance was detected to vancomycin, teicoplanin, or tigecycline. Laboratory abnormalities were frequent, including anemia (73.8%), leukocytosis (33.3%), platelet abnormalities (47.6%), hyperglycemia (27.9%), elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (67.4%), elevated creatinine (32.6%), hypoalbuminemia (71.4%), and elevated INR (52.9%). In exploratory MDR-stratified comparisons (30 MDR vs. 13 non-MDR), platelet counts were lower in the MDR group (p = 0.032), but no laboratory difference remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons, and these comparisons were underpowered, so the absence of significant differences does not exclude an association. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients in this cohort showed a high burden of AMR and frequent hematological, renal, metabolic, hepatic, and coagulation abnormalities. These descriptive findings highlight the need for denominator-aware, organism-specific AMR surveillance; whether integrating routine laboratory biomarkers into antimicrobial stewardship improves outcomes was not evaluated and requires a prospective study. Larger multicenter studies are needed to determine whether the MDR phenotype independently predicts adverse clinical outcomes.

Background: Screening for the HLA-B*57:01 allele prior to abacavir (ABC) initiation has substantially reduced the incidence of ABC-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in people living with HIV (PLWH). The frequency of HLA-B*57:01 varies markedly between populations, and regional data from southwestern Saudi Arabia have not been reported. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the medical records of PLWH attending the infectious disease clinics at King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, between March 2018 and July 2021, who had undergone HLA-B*57:01 screening requested by their treating physicians as part of routine clinical care prior to a possible switch to an abacavir-containing regimen. Of 133 patients screened, 132 were analysed; as the clinic serves a nationality-mixed population, the primary analysis was restricted to Saudi nationals (n = 102). HLA-B*57:01 was genotyped by real-time PCR. Results: The cohort was predominantly male (84.8%), with a median age of 35 years. Among Saudi nationals, HLA-B*57:01 was detected in 3 of 102 patients, a prevalence of 2.9% (95% CI 0.6–8.4%), corresponding to 34 patients needing to be screened to identify one carrier. In the full cohort the prevalence was 2.3% (95% CI 0.5–6.5%), with no carrier among the 30 non-Saudi patients. Conclusions: This is the first estimate of HLA-B*57:01 prevalence reported from southwestern Saudi Arabia and the first Saudi series to report the estimate separately for Saudi nationals and the resident non-Saudi population. The estimate falls within the wide between-centre range already reported nationally. Larger multicentre studies, together with a population-based survey of Saudi donors, are needed to establish the background frequency and to evaluate routine screening.

The emergence and spread of mobilized colistin resistance ( mcr ) genes threaten the efficacy of colistin, a last‐resort antibiotic used in the management of multidrug‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB). This study was aimed at (1) providing a bibliometric assessment of the mcr‐related research landscape and (2) conducting phylogenetic and metadata analyses of all known mcr gene variants to elucidate their relatedness and global distribution by country of origin, sample type, and harboring bacterial diversity. Bibliometric analysis was conducted following the SPAR‐4‐SLR methodology, where mcr ‐related publications were retrieved from Scopus and analyzed using diverse packages in R software, Datawrapper, the VOSviewer tool, and Biblioshiny. Genomic analysis was conducted on 116 complete mcr gene sequences retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). A neighbor‐joining phylogenetic tree was constructed to infer evolutionary relationships, and the associated metadata of sequences were analyzed. A total of 3936 mcr‐related publications met the inclusion criteria. Since the discovery of mcr in 2015, research output has grown consistently through 2024, reflecting an intense global scientific mobilization and the rapid prioritization of colistin resistance given its significant public health threat. About 54.15% of studies appeared in Top Q1–Q2 journals, notably Frontiers in Microbiology and Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy . The most cited work was Liu et al. (2016), with 4445 citations. China and India led in publications and collaborations, while China dominated funding. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 10 mcr variants, each clustering together. Distance analysis showed that Escherichia coli was the likely origin of mcr ‐1–2 and mcr ‐5 variants, Aeromonas of mcr ‐3, Moraxella of mcr ‐6, Klebsiella pneumoniae of mcr ‐7, Raoultella ornithinolytica of mcr ‐8, and Enterobacter cloacae of mcr ‐10. However, mcr ‐4 and mcr ‐9 showed multiple origins with similar branch lengths for E. coli , Salmonella , and Enterobacter . The widespread occurrence of mcr ‐1–10 across diverse bacterial species underscores the urgent need for an integrated, One Health surveillance approach to monitor and mitigate colistin resistance spread globally.