Failure of endodontic treatment is closely associated with bacterial infection, the study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of MTA- Fillapex and BIO-C against two bacterial species Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In this in vitro study, two endodontic sealers were used to evaluate antibacterial properties by using an agar diffusion test (ADT) and direct contact test (DCT). The width of the growth inhibition zone after 24 hours was reported in (ADT) as the endodontic sealers' effectiveness. In DCT, the survival of microorganisms was assessed at various periods following the exposure of the bacterial suspension to the sealers for (20 and 40 min) at (1 day, 7 days and 14 days). Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were made. In ADT, the zones of microbial growth inhibition in BIO-C sealer caused by E. Facealis were relatively larger than that created due to S. Auerous bacteria with mean 0.781 mm and 0.538 mm respectively. Thus, this difference turned out to be significant (p 0.05). In terms of sealers, BIO-C had the most potent antimicrobial properties. It showed significant inhibition against both E.faecalis and S. Auerous on day 1 and the first week of contact times tested. Moreover both BIO-C and MTA Fillapex sealers perform worthy antibacterial activity up to 1 week and BIO-C sealers show better antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis than MTA Fillapex sealers.

The aim of the present study was to compare sealing ability of three bioceramic sealers, including Endosequence BC and BioRoot RCS, with bioceramic-coated gutta-percha cone (BCGP) or GP in comparison to a clinical reference standard AH Plus sealer using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis. Fifty freshly extracted single canal premolars were included in the study. All the samples were prepared using 2 Shape rotary system TS1 (25/0.04), TS2 (25/0.06), and F35 (35/0.06) file. After completion of the instrumentation, the samples were randomly divided based on the sealer material used and GP into four experimental groups and one control group with Endosequence, BioRoot, and AH Plus sealers with BCGP and conventional GP. All groups were obturated with (35/0.06) single cone obturation and high resolution of micro-CT was used to determine percentage of voids within the canals. BCGP showed better result than GP at all groups. In BCGP group, there were no significant differences in the percentage of the voids except internal voids. However, in all conventional GP groups, there were significant differences. Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that none of the groups were free of voids, BCGP with bioceramic sealer significantly better than GP.

Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds incorporating bioactive mineral phases are a promising approach for dentin-pulp tissue engineering. Although poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles have been widely used as scaffolds due to their biocompatibility and tunable degradation profile, their inherent bioactivity is limited. Furthermore, fluorapatite (FAP), a fluoride-substituted apatite ceramic, exhibits enhanced chemical stability and mineral-related properties that may be useful for regenerative biomaterial design. In this study, we investigated the effect of nano-FAP functionalization on the physicochemical properties of porous PLGA microscaffolds and their interaction with human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Porous PLGA microscaffolds were fabricated using a double-emulsion solvent evaporation method and subsequently functionalized with FAP suspensions ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg/mL (0.01–0.5% w/v). The scaffolds were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrical conductivity measurements, cell viability assays, and immunofluorescence. Lower and intermediate FAP concentrations-maintained surface pore accessibility and supported hDPSC viability, whereas the highest concentration (5 mg/mL; 0.5% w/v) reduced visible surface pore size and showed less favorable cellular responses. The 2.5 mg/mL (0.25% w/v) FAP condition provided the most favorable overall balance among the evaluated physicochemical and biological parameters. These preliminary in vitro findings support further investigation of FAP-functionalized PLGA microscaffolds in advanced three-dimensional and in vivo models.