This study sought to provide a comprehensive assessment of the incidence of sports injuries among athletes participating in the Olympic Winter Games and to investigate contributing factors. We gathered injury data from athletes participating in the recent four Olympic Winter Games, incorporating details on the sports event, sex, injury location, and type. Through a meta-analysis, we calculated the injury incidence rates for each sport and examined the influence of sex and the type of sport on these incidence rates. Out of 11,197 registered athletes, we documented 1,304 sports injuries. The sports events with the highest injury rates were freestyle skiing, snowboarding, alpine skiing, bobsleigh, and ice hockey, with the most frequent injury locations being the knees, thoracic/lumbar/back regions, and the wrist/hand/fingers. Contusions, hematomas, and bruises were the most prevalent injuries, followed by strains (including muscle rupture, tearing, or tendon rupture) and sprains (covering dislocations, subluxations, and ligament ruptures). In the Olympic Winter Games, events such as freestyle skiing, snowboarding, alpine skiing, bobsleigh, and ice hockey pose a particularly high risk. Predominant injury sites include the knee, spine/back, and wrist and hand, with injuries ranging from contusions and hematomas to strains and sprains. For effective injury prevention, it is crucial to emphasize proper medical resource allocation, specialized training for medical personnel, and meticulous venue maintenance.

Although growing evidence supports the benefits of physical exercise for amputees, existing studies present inconsistent findings. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate whether exercise interventions can effectively enhance physical performance and quality of life in individuals with lower-limb amputation. Seven databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, OVID, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were systematically searched up to April 21, 2025. Study quality was assessed using the RoB 2 tool, and meta-analyses were performed using R software (version 4.1.3). A total of 18 randomized controlled trials were included, with 7 studies incorporated into the meta-analysis. Evidence ranging from low to moderate quality suggests that exercise interventions yield significant benefits for individuals with limb amputation. Compared to usual care, exercise significantly improved gait speed [WMD = 0.009, 95% CI (0.03, 0.16), P = 0.004], 2-min walk test performance [WMD = 8.81, 95% CI (1.92, 15.7), P = 0.012], and Timed Up and Go test scores [WMD = –2.01, 95% CI (–3.90, –0.13), P = 0.037]. No significant difference was observed in the Life-Space Community Index [WMD = –0.44, 95% CI (–2.48, 1.61), P = 0.676]. Qualitative findings further supported the beneficial effects of exercise, although outcomes varied depending on exercise modality and assessment tools. In addition, heterogeneity in intervention protocols and participant characteristics limited the ability to conduct formal subgroup analyses or draw definitive conclusions. Targeted exercise prescriptions can improve physical performance and quality of life in individuals with limb amputation. These findings support the integration of individualized exercise strategies into rehabilitation programs. However, heterogeneity in participant characteristics (e.g., age, gender, etiology, and amputation level) remains underexplored. Future research should address this diversity to optimize rehabilitation strategies for different subpopulations.