Triple-negative breast carcinoma is a subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors, as well as HER2 protein expression. It typically exhibits an aggressive clinical course and resistance to treatment. Due to its limited therapeutic options and poor prognostic features, this subgroup holds clinical significance. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a critical area of cancer research, with stromal components gaining attention for their role in tumor progression and treatment resistance. This study retrospectively evaluated the relationship between the size of fibrotic foci observed in the tumor stroma and histopathological prognostic parameters in triple-negative breast carcinoma cases. A total of 26 cases operated between 2018 and 2025, confirmed to be negative for hormone receptors and HER2 protein, were included in the study. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome-stained slides were examined. The largest stromal fibrotic focus was measured and statistically compared with tumor size, tumor and nuclear grade, Ki-67 proliferation index, lymphovascular invasion, axillary lymph node status, presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, ductal carcinoma in situ, and necrosis. According to the data obtained, no statistically significant correlation was found between stromal fibrosis size and the prognostic variables examined. However, significant associations were observed between some individual parameters. The findings suggest that further large-scale, multicenter studies are necessary to more clearly determine the prognostic value of stromal fibrosis in triple-negative breast carcinoma

Angiosarcoma is a rare and aggressive tumor of the breast arising from endothelial cells. It is usually associated with chronic lymphedema or radiation therapy. The diagnosis is made by biopsy and there is no specific finding on mammography. In this study, we report a 59-year-old woman with a history of radiotherapy for invasive ductal carcinoma who subsequently developed primary angiosarcoma of the breast. Angiosarcoma of the breast was first documented in 1887 and is classified as primary and secondary. While surgical R0 resection is recommended for the treatment of these tumors with unclear etiology, the significance of axillary lymph node dissection remains uncertain. Adjuvant radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the local recurrence rate, but adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy have no significant effect on 5-year survival. Although there is no consensus on treatment regimens, it is concluded that more comprehensive studies should be conducted in a larger sample.

Background: Tumor budding is a prognostic marker linked to epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the tumor microenvironment throughout various tumors. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway functions as an important immune checkpoint that regulates lymphocyte activity within the tumor microenvironment. PD-1 ligand expression patterns may substantially affect the potential success of therapeutic blockade of this pathway. Methods: This study compares programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression with clinicopathological features using different scoring systems and assesses its prognostic value in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Results: The study included 359 NSCLC cases. We found a statistically significant association between a negative combined positive score (CPS) or immune cell score (ICS) and advanced clinical stage and poor tumor differentiation. Moderate and high tumor budding scores correlated with positive PD-L1 expression across all three scoring systems. Overall survival (OS) revealed that PD-L1 positivity with ICS and CPS is a significant independent factor associated with a favorable prognosis. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that CPS+ or ICS+ cases had significantly longer OS compared to CPS− or ICS− patients. In patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, we observed no significant difference in OS between PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative cases across all scoring systems evaluated. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a significant association between tumor budding in NSCLC and PD-L1 expression in tumor and immune cells. We showed that CPS or ICS positivity is a favorable prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with NSCLC.

Tumor budding is a prognostic marker associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor microenvironment in various tumors. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway functions as a crucial immune checkpoint that regulates lymphocyte activity within the tumor microenvironment. The expression patterns of PD-1 ligands may significantly influence the potential success of therapeutic blockade of this pathway. This study aims to compare the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) with clinical-pathological features using different scoring systems and to evaluate its prognostic value in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. A total of 361 cases of NSCLC were included in the study. A statistically significant association was found between patients with a negative combined positive score (CPS) or immune cell score (ICS) and those with an advanced clinical stage and poor tumor differentiation. A high tumor budding score correlated with positive PD-L1 expression across all three scoring systems. Overall survey (OS) revealed that PD-L1 positivity with ICS is a significant independent factor associated with a favorable prognosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that CPS+ or ICS+ cases had significantly longer OS compared to CPS- or ICS- patients. In the immune checkpoint inhibitor group, no significant OS difference was found between positive and negative cases in TPS, CPS, and ICS. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a significant correlation between high tumor budding in NSCLC and PD-L1 expression in tumor and immune cells. We showed that CPS or ICS is a better predictor of prognosis in NSCLC.