Prognostic significance of the programmed death-ligand-1 status in non-small cell lung carcinoma remains controversial. To show the programmed death-ligand-1 expression status in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma and its effect on the prognosis and the relationship with clinicopathologic data. Retrospective cross-sectional study. The study included 208 cases who were diagnosed with NSCLC and who underwent surgical resection between 2001 and 2012. Programmed death-ligand-1 (SP142 clone) was applied to the histological sections acquired from the microarray paraffin blocks with immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity was scored as weak (+, 1), moderate (++, 2), and strong (+++, 3). Percentage (0%-100%) was multiplied by staining intensity (1-2-3) to calculate the H score. Four different cut-off values were used; 1: ≥1% (independent of intensity), 2: ≥5% (independent of intensity), 3: ≥5% moderate/strong staining (except for weak staining), 4: H score ≥30 values were considered positive. In this study, staining a single cell at any intensity was considered positive. Thirty-four out 208 cases (16.3%) had PDL-1 positive staining. PDL-1 expression was observed in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma independent of the histological type or subtype (range; 0-25%). When the cut-off level was set to ≥5% with moderate and strong staining, the median overall survival was 45 months for the PD-L1 positive group and not reached for the PD-L1 negative group (p-value 0.024). PD-L1 positivity was significantly higher in patients over the age of 60 years and in cases with a tumor diameter of more than 5 cm (p=0.023 and 0.025, respectively). PD-L1 expression is positive in 16.3% of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and may have a negative prognostic value.

The education curriculum of the faculty of dentistry includes both general pathol­ogy and oral pathology courses. In our planned study, we aimed to determine the needs of dentists who graduated from the faculty of dentistry and received special­isation training for pathology information in their active professional lives and the importance of pathology education according to their fields of specialisation. Survey questions: Applications were made to 115 dentists who graduated from the faculty of dentistry, received specialist training, and worked in the clinic. While the benefit of pathology training in the dentist’s professional life was oral and maxillofacial surgery, it was followed by periodontology, radiology, and oral diagnosis specialties. They also stated that they sent samples and evaluated reports in the fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery, periodontology, radiology, and oral diagnosis. In our study, the areas where specialist physicians benefit from pathology training in the clinic are those where the subjects overlap more with the sections in the training curriculum. It is necessary to provide adequate training in basic medical sciences to train dentists as physicians who do not perceive the patient only in terms of mouth and teeth, but can evaluate the patient as a whole and provide the right guidance at the right time. Integration should be ensured between basic sciences, dentistry, and clinical sciences. For pathology education to be permanent and useful, a curriculum should be designed with innovative teaching methods that are department-specific and practice-based, appropriate to the needs of the clinic. Dentistry graduates can improve patient outcomes and enhance their personal de­velopment by deepening their understanding of pathology education.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the types of isthmus and their prevalence in mandibular incisors using magnification systems and histochemical methods. Materials and Methods: This study included 150 randomly selected human mandibular incisors devoid of caries and free of any pathology in the crown or root portion. Samples were preserved in 10% formalin until needed. After fixation and decalcification, serial sections were placed into tissue-tracking cassettes, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under a light microscope at 40× magnification. Results: Of the 150 mandibular incisors examined, various types of isthmus were observed in 105. The most frequently observed isthmus type was Type 1, accounting for 44.8% of cases, while the least observed was Type 3, accounting for 8.6%. No isthmus was observed in 30% of the samples. Isthmuses were significantly more common at the apical 5 and 6 mm levels; however, no significant difference was observed in the types of isthmus. Conclusion: Mandibular incisors exhibit significant variations in isthmuses, indicating a complex structure. Knowledge of the possible location and variations of isthmuses is crucial as it not only influences the selection of techniques and instruments but also directly impacts treatment success. Standard instrumentation techniques alone may not suffice for thoroughly cleaning the root canal system in complex cases, such as those with isthmus variation.

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a worldwide health concern, Genotyping HBV is important because it can help to guide treatment decisions, and the risk of developing severe liver disease can be predicted with the use of HBV genotyping, like hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis. Our study aimed to determine HBV genotype and Allele frequencies in acute, and chronic HBV patients living in Al-Anbar governorate/Iraq. samples were analyzed by nested PCR for hepatitis B virus DNA. Round 1 PCR products revealed that all samples of hepatitis B patients showed a 1003 bp band, which confirmed that the current sample was infected with the virus, Second-run PCR demonstrated a pattern of nested PCR products with a 600 bp band. The amplicons from nested PCR were sequenced by the Sanger sequencing method and each viral genotype was investigated and ascertained by alignment with the reference sequence (GenBank acc. NC 003977.2) and blasted using the NCBI blastin database. The results showed the only type D genotype was found in all 80 HBV patients, with seven nucleic acid variants observed in the investigated samples in different positions, namely 348 T>C, 495 C>T, 501 A>C, 520 C>A, 522 G>A, 530 T>C, and 535 A>C. Additionally, ten variants of amino acids were found in different positions to exhibit effects on the S protein within the size of the amplified loci.

Objective: The aim of this randomized controlled experimental study is to investigate whether the use of magnification is effective in the detection of errors made by dental students during the preparation of endodontic access cavities.Methods: Forty preclinical dental students at third year participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group that evaluated the samples with the naked eye, and a microscope group that utilized a magnification system. In the first phase, 26 extracted tooth samples were distributed to both groups. Participants were asked to examine the samples and record any observed errors on a standardized evaluation form. Subsequently, the microscope group received training under magnification and was then instructed to assess a different set of 26 tooth samples both with the naked eye and under magnification. The same set of samples was also evaluated by the control group to ensure standardization. Statistical analysis was performed using the paired t-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Results: A statistically significant increase (P < .05) was observed in the microscope group’s ability to detect errors, particularly those located at the pulpal floor of the access cavity.Conclusion: The findings suggest that incorporating magnification systems into undergraduate dental education may enhance students’ error detection skills, thereby contributing to improved clinical outcomes.Keywords: Dental education, endodontics, access cavity preparation

This study compared nuclear abnormalities and cytomorphometric characteristics of exfoliated buccal epithelial cells across clinical groups defined by glycemic status and periodontal stage. A total of 156 participants were allocated into seven groups based on glycemic status and periodontal condition: four groups with type 2 diabetes stratified by HbA1c level (<7% or ≥7%) and periodontitis stage (Stage I–II or Stage III–IV), two periodontitis groups without diabetes (Stage I–II or Stage III–IV), and a periodontally healthy reference group without diabetes. Exfoliated buccal cells were assessed for micronuclei, binucleated cells, perinuclear halos, inflammatory cell presence, nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio. Data were analyzed using multivariable regression models adjusted for age group and sex. Significant adjusted differences were observed across the seven clinical groups for micronuclei, binucleated cells, inflammatory cell presence, NA, CA, and the N/C ratio. The highest micronucleus and binucleated cell counts were generally observed in the HbA1c ≥ 7% groups (p < 0.001). NA and the N/C ratio were higher in groups with diabetes than in groups without diabetes, with the highest values observed in the HbA1c ≥ 7% groups. Diabetes duration showed no consistent association with cytogenetic or morphometric parameters. Within the clinical groups examined, differences in buccal epithelial nuclear abnormalities and cytomorphometric measures were generally more consistent across glycemic categories than between periodontal stages within the same glycemic category.