Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) show promising potential in energy harvesting and sensing for various electronic devices in multiple fields. However, the majority of materials currently utilized in TENGs are unrenewable, undegradable, and necessitate complex preparation processes, resulting in restricted performance and durability for practical applications. Here, we propose a strategy that combines straightforward chemical modification and electrospinning techniques to construct all-cellulose nanofiber-based TENGs with substantial power output. By using cellulose acetate (CA) as the raw material, the prepared cellulose membranes (CMs) and fluorinated cellulose membranes (FCMs) with different functional groups and hydrophobic properties are applied as the tribopositive and tribonegative friction layers of FCM/CM-based triboelectric nanogenerators (FC-TENGs), respectively. This approach modulates the microstructure and triboelectric polarity of the friction materials in FC-TENGs, thus enhancing their triboelectric charge densities and contact areas. As a result, the assembled FC-TENGs demonstrate enhanced output performance (94 V, 8.5 µA, and 0.15 W/m²) and exceptional durability in 15,000 cycles. The prepared FC-TENGs with efficient energy harvesting capabilities can be implemented in practical applications to power various electronic devices. Our work strengthens the viability of cellulose-based TENGs for sustainable development and provides novel perspectives on the cost-effective and valuable utilization of cellulose in the future.

The ever-growing global demand for sustainable energy has promoted the development of zinc–air batteries with high energy density. However, the slow multi-electron kinetic process of the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction still restricts the practical commercialization of this battery technology. Biomass-based carbon aerogels can be constructed into tunable three-dimensional hierarchical structural frameworks, which provide high specific surface area and tunable structural characteristics, offering opportunities to improve mass transport and catalytic-site accessibility. This paper systematically reviews the latest research progress in the preparation and structural regulation of biomass-based carbon aerogels and elaborates on the determining effect of directional sol–gel processes, advanced drying techniques, and activation mechanisms on pore structure. To further improve the bifunctional electrocatalytic activity, this paper highlights the key doping and modification strategies, including nitrogen doping, multi-element co-doping, as well as the precise immobilization of non-noble metal nanoparticles and single-atom active sites. In addition to serving as high-efficiency, self-supporting, and flexible air cathodes for energy storage devices, the excellent mechanical rebound performance and continuous conductive network of this type of carbon aerogel also make it suitable for high-sensitivity pressure sensors. In conclusion, rational design and modification of biomass precursors can open up a green and sustainable development path for next-generation multifunctional flexible electronic devices.