This research aimed to explore the relation of social jetlag (SJL) with perceived appetite, and hormones involved in hunger regulation in healthy subjects in free-living conditions (study registration number: ACTRN12618001182280). Eighty normally diurnally active men and women were enrolled in 4 study groups according to the presence of SJL and sleep deprivation (2 groups with SJL with or without sleep deprivations and 2 groups without SJL with or without sleep deprivation) matched 1:1:1:1 for age, gender, and body mass index. Appetite was assessed in fasting state, by measuring acylated ghrelin level and using 100 mm visual analog scales. Persons with SJL had a higher perceived appetite for pork, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, and dairy products and higher acylated ghrelin levels than those without SJL. When considering the presence of sleep deprivation, subjects with SJL, with and without sleep deprivation, reported a higher perceived appetite than group with sleep deprivation alone. They also reported later meal times for lunch and dinner, had more frequently a snack before sleep and reported eating more frequently while watching TV or playing on computer, suggesting poorer eating habits in these subjects. In conclusion, independent of sleep duration, SJL is associated with an increased appetite for caloric dense food, suggesting an increased incentive value of food in these subjects and an anticipated pleasure of ingesting these foods.

Aim. The present cross-sectional observational study aimed to investigate the relation between cognitive–emotional regulation strategies and depressive symptoms in type 2 diabetes patients in the context of sociodemographic and clinical factors, of diabetes distress, perception of illness consequences and previous depression. Method. Multiple logistic regression was performed on the responses of 354 adults with type 2 diabetes (58.5% women; mean ± SD age: 61.14 ± 8.5 years; diabetes duration: 9.7 ± 6.4 years; BMI: 30.9 ± 5.3 kg/m²). Depressive symptoms were present in 16.9% and diabetes distress in 45.5%. Participants completed questionnaires on depression (BDI-II), cognitive-emotional regulation strategies (CERQ), diabetes distress (DDS), illness perceived consequences (IPQ-R). Results. Of the cognitive–emotional strategies, lower positive reappraisal of diabetes (OR:0.49;CI:0.34-0.70) and increased catastrophizing (OR:2.08; CI:1.47-2.91) were found to increase the likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms in the presence of higher diabetes distress (OR: 1.53; CI:1.07-2.19), increased negative perception of diabetes consequences (OR:2.02; CI:1.34-3.06) and the presence of previous depression (OR:4.18; CI:2.03-8.63). Conclusion. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on cognitive-emotional regulation strategies in type 2 diabetes and provides evidence for the beneficial influence of positive reappraisal and adverse effect of catastrophizing on depressive symptoms in the context of diabetes distress, perceived consequences of diabetes and previous history of depression.

Objective: To assess a possible relationship between maternal cognitive dysfunction during pregnancy and hypothyroxinemia, adjusted for major confounders.Background: Thyroid dysfunction in general is associated with cognitive dysfunction. Cognitive dysfunction is common during pregnancy.Design: Prospective follow‐up study from 12 to 32 weeks of pregnancy.Participants: 2082 healthy pregnant women.Measurements: Cognitive function, depression and sleeping problems were assessed by self‐report questionnaires at 12, 22 and 32 weeks of gestation, higher scores reflecting more symptoms. FT4, TSH and TPO‐Ab were assessed at 12 weeks of gestation.Definitions: healthy (euthyroxinemia) control group: FT4 within 10‐90th percentiles, without elevated TPO‐Ab titres and TSH within first trimester‐specific reference range (0.23‐4.0 mU/L). Hypothyroxinemia: FT4 1 SD > mean on the cognitive function scale.Results: A total of 54 women showed hypothyroxinemia and 1476 women had euthyroxinemia. At 12 weeks, multiple logistic regression showed that poor cognitive function was independently related to hypothyroxinemia: OR: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.6‐5.4), adjusted for depression (OR: 3.1; 95% CI: 2.7‐4.6) and sleeping problems (OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 1.9‐3.9). TPO‐Ab + women with hypothyroxinemia had the highest levels of cognitive dysfunction. Other cut‐offs of hypothyroxinemia (<5th or <10th percentile with normal TSH) showed similar results. GLM‐ANOVA showed that throughout pregnancy women with hypothyroxinemia at 12 weeks had significantly higher cognitive dysfunction scores compared with the healthy controls: F = 12.1, P = .001.Conclusions: Women with hypothyroxinemia during early gestation are at risk for poor cognitive function throughout gestation, adjusted for depression and sleeping problems.

Diabetes distress is the emotional burden that arises from living with, and self-managing, diabetes. The aim of this clinical guideline is to optimise the assessment and management of diabetes distress among adults with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, promoting consistent, person-centred care. The guideline was developed using the EASD Standard Operating Procedure, GRADE methodology and RIGHT reporting standards. A multidisciplinary Guideline Development Panel, including lived experience experts, formulated clinical questions using the PICOT framework. Two clinical questions were addressed: (1) optimal approaches and timing for identifying and exploring diabetes distress; (2) the effectiveness of psychological, psychoeducational, educational, peer support and technology-based interventions for reducing diabetes distress. Good Practice Statements on assessment were informed by de novo realist reviews. GRADE recommendations on management were derived from a commissioned systematic review and meta-analyses of RCTs. For adults with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, eight Good Practice Statements emphasise routine discussion of emotional well-being, use of validated tools, ongoing monitoring, collaborative care planning, documentation and availability of psychological support. For adults with type 1 diabetes, conditional GRADE recommendations support psychological interventions, continuous glucose monitoring and automated insulin delivery systems for reducing diabetes distress. For adults with type 2 diabetes, conditional GRADE recommendations support psychological, psychoeducational and educational interventions for reducing diabetes distress. The strengths of this guideline include its rigorous methodology and strong stakeholder engagement. Limitations include the scarcity of high-quality trials, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and exclusion of non-randomised evidence. Implementation will require training and system-level support for integration into routine care, in addition to dissemination through peer-reviewed publications and open access formats. Graphical Abstract