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Prof. Jacek Koziel
Iowa State University

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0 Livestock
0 Odor
0 SPME
0 VOCs
0 Waste Management

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Odor
solid-phase microextraction
SPME
VOCs
volatile organic compounds
Livestock
Torrefaction
greenhouse gases
waste to carbon
Waste Management

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Short Biography

Transdisciplinary research on the nexus of food, energy, and water.

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Preprint
Published: 28 July 2021
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Solving environmental odor issues can be confounded by many analytical, technological, and socioeconomic factors. Considerable know-how and technologies can fail to properly identify odorants responsible for the downwind nuisance odor and mitigate it for the affected citizenry. We propose enabling solutions to environmental odor issues by utilizing troubleshooting techniques developed for the food, beverage, and consumer products industries. We showed that the downwind odorant impact-priority ranking process can be definable and relatively simple. The initial challenge is the prioritization of environmental odor character from the perspective of the impacted citizenry downwind. In this research, we aim at summarizing three natural models of the rolling unmasking effect (RUE) and discuss them more systematically in the context of the proposed downwind environmental odor prioritization approach. Regardless of the size and reach of an odor source, a simplification of odor character and composition typically develops with downwind dilution. The extreme odor simplification-upon-dilution was demonstrated for two plant varieties, prairie verbena and Virginia pepperweed. Their downwind odor frontal boundaries were dominated by single, character-defining odorants; p-cresol-dominated ‘barnyard’ odor, and benzyl mercaptan-dominated ‘burnt match’ odor, respectively. The P.T. porcupine downwind odor frontal boundary was dominated by two potent, character-defining odorants: (1) ‘onion’/‘body odor’ odorant #1 and (2) ‘onion’/‘grilled’ odorant #2. In contrast with their downwind boundary simplicities, each odor source presented considerable compositional complexity and composite character difference near the source. The proposed RUE approach’s ultimate significance is the illustration of naturally occurring phenomena that explain why some environmental odors and their sources can be challenging to identify and mitigate using the analytical only approach (focused on compound identities and concentrations). These approaches rarely move beyond comprehensive lists of compounds being emitted by the source.

ACS Style

Donald W. Wright; Jacek A. Koziel; David B. Parker; Anna Iwasinska; Thomas G. Hartman; Paula Kolvig; Landon Wahe. Exploring the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ of Downwind Odor Dispersion from Model Plant and Animal Sources. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Donald W. Wright, Jacek A. Koziel, David B. Parker, Anna Iwasinska, Thomas G. Hartman, Paula Kolvig, Landon Wahe. Exploring the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ of Downwind Odor Dispersion from Model Plant and Animal Sources. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Donald W. Wright; Jacek A. Koziel; David B. Parker; Anna Iwasinska; Thomas G. Hartman; Paula Kolvig; Landon Wahe. 2021. "Exploring the ‘Rolling Unmasking Effect’ of Downwind Odor Dispersion from Model Plant and Animal Sources." , no. : 1.

Communication
Published: 28 June 2021 in Atmosphere
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The risk of inhalation exposure to elevated concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) during the agitation of stored swine manure is high. Once or twice a year, farmers agitate manure before pump-out and application to fields. Agitation of the swine manure causes the short-term releases of highly toxic levels of H2S and NH3. In our previous pilot-scale studies, the biochar powder showed significant mitigation of H2S and NH3 emissions when it was surficially applied to manure immediately before agitation. However, fine biochar powder application poses hazards by itself and may not be practical to apply on a farm scale, especially when livestock and workers are present. We hypothesized that applying pelletized biochar to manure surfaces is just as effective as applying powder to protect farmers and animals from excessive exposure to H2S and NH3. This work reports on the lab-scale proof-of-the-concept trials with biochar pellets on the lab scale. The objective was to compare the biochar pellets and biochar powder on their effectiveness of mitigation on H2S and NH3 gases during 3-h-long swine manure agitation. Three scenarios were compared in (n = 3) trials: (i) control, (ii) 12.5 mm thick surficial application to manure surface of biochar powder, and (iii) an equivalent (by mass) dose of pelletized biochar applied to the manure surface. The biochar powder was bound with 35% (wt) water into ~5 × 10 mm (dia × length) pellets. The biochar powder was significantly (p< 0.05) more effective than the biochar pellets. Still, pellets reduced total H2S and NH3 emissions by ~72% and ~68%, respectively (p = 0.001), compared with ~99% by powder (p = 0.001). The maximum H2S and NH3 concentrations were reduced from 48.1 ± 4.8 ppm and 1810 ± 850 ppm to 20.8 ± 2.95 ppm and 775 ± 182 ppm by pellets, and to 22.1 ± 16.9 ppm and 40.3 ± 57 ppm by powder, respectively. These reductions are equivalent to reducing the maximum concentrations of H2S and NH3 during the 3-h manure agitation by 57% and 57% (pellets) and 54% and 98% (powder), respectively. Treated manure properties hinted at improved nitrogen retention, yet they were not significant due to high variability. We recommend scaling up and trials on the farm-scale level using biochar pellets to assess the feasibility of application to large manure surfaces and techno-economic evaluation.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure during Three-Hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 825 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek Koziel, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure during Three-Hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (7):825.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure during Three-Hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar." Atmosphere 12, no. 7: 825.

Original research article
Published: 10 May 2021 in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections cause significant economic losses to swine producers every year. Aerosols containing infectious PRRSV are an important route of transmission, and proper treatment of air could mitigate the airborne spread of the virus within and between barns. Previous bioaerosol studies focused on the microbiology of PRRSV aerosols; thus, the current study addressed the engineering aspects of virus aerosolization and collection. Specific objectives were to (1) build and test a virus aerosolization system, (2) achieve a uniform and repeatable aerosol generation and collection throughout all replicates, (3) identify and minimize sources of variation, and (4) verify that the collection system (impingers) performed similarly. The system for virus aerosolization was built and tested (Obj. 1). The uniform airflow distribution was confirmed using a physical tracer (<12% relative standard deviation) for all treatments and sound engineering control of flow rates (Obj. 2). Theoretical uncertainty analyses and mass balance calculations showed <3% loss of air mass flow rate between the inlet and outlet (Obj. 3). A comparison of TCID50 values among impinger fluids showed no statistical difference between any two of the three trials (p-value = 0.148, 0.357, 0.846) (Obj. 4). These results showed that the readiness of the system for research on virus aerosolization and treatment (e.g., by ultraviolet light), as well as its potential use for research on other types of airborne pathogens and their mitigation on a laboratory scale.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Jeffrey J. Zimmerman; Steven J. Hoff; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; William S. Jenks. Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek A. Koziel, Jeffrey J. Zimmerman, Steven J. Hoff, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, William S. Jenks. Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2021; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Jeffrey J. Zimmerman; Steven J. Hoff; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; William S. Jenks. 2021. "Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9, no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 10 May 2021
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The risk of inhalation exposure to elevated concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) during the agitation of stored swine manure is high. Once or twice a year, farmers agitate manure before pump-out and application to fields. Agitation of the swine manure causes the short-term releases of highly toxic levels of H2S and NH3. In our previous pilot-scale studies, the biochar powder had shown significant mitigation of H2S and NH3 emissions when surficially applied to manure immediately before agitation. However, fine biochar powder application poses hazards by itself and may not be practical to apply on a farm scale, especially when livestock and workers are present. We hypothesized that applying pelletized biochar to manure surface is just as effective as applying powder to protect farmers and animals from excessive exposure to H2S and NH3. This work reports on the lab-scale proof-of-the-concept trials with biochar pellets on the lab-scale. The objective was to compare the biochar pellets and biochar powder on their effectiveness of mitigation on H2S and NH3 gases during 3-hour long swine manure agitation. Three scenarios were compared in (n=3) trials (i) control, (ii) 12.5 mm thick surficial application to manure surface of biochar powder, and (iii) an equivalent (by mass) dose of pelletized biochar applied to manure surface. The biochar powder was bound with 35% (wt) water into ~5 × 10 mm (dia × length) pellets. Biochar powder was significantly (p<0.05) more effective than the biochar pellets. Still, pellets reduced total H2S and NH3 emissions by ~72% and ~68%, respectively (p=0.001), compared with ~99% by powder (p=0.001). The maximum H2S & NH3 concentrations were reduced from 48.1±4.8 ppm & 1,810±850 ppm to 20.8±2.95 ppm & 775±182 ppm by pellets, and to 22.1±16.9 ppm & 40.3±57 ppm by powder, respectively. These reductions are equivalent to reducing the maximum concentrations of H2S and NH3 during the 3-h manure agitation by 57% and 57% (pellets) and 54% and 98% (powder), respectively. Treated manure properties hinted at improved nitrogen retention, yet not significant due to high variability. We recommend scaling-up and trials on the farm-scales using biochar pellets to assess the feasibility of application to large manure surfaces and techno-economic evaluation.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O'Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure During 3-hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek Koziel, Myeongseong Lee, Samuel O'Brien, Peiyang Li, Robert Brown. Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure During 3-hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek Koziel; Myeongseong Lee; Samuel O'Brien; Peiyang Li; Robert Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Acute Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia Emissions from Swine Manure During 3-hour Agitation Using Pelletized Biochar." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2021 in Atmosphere
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UV-A (ca. 365 nm wavelength, a.k.a. ‘black light’) photocatalysis has been investigated to comprehensively mitigate odor and selected air pollutants in the livestock environment. This study was conducted to confirm the performance of UV-A photocatalysis on the swine farm. The objectives of this research were to (1) scale-up of the UV-A photocatalysis treatment, (2) evaluate the mitigation of odorous gases from swine slurry pit, (3) test different UV sources, (4) evaluate the effect of particulate matter (PM) and (5) conduct preliminary economic analyses. We tested UV-A photocatalysis at a mobile laboratory-scale capable of treating ~0.2–0.8 m3·s−1 of barn exhaust air. The targeted gaseous emissions of barn exhaust air were significantly mitigated (p < 0.05) up to 40% reduction of measured odor; 63%, 44%, 32%, 40%, 66% and 49% reduction of dimethyl disulfide, isobutyric acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, indole and skatole, respectively; 40% reduction of H2S; 100% reduction of O3; and 13% reduction of N2O. The PM mitigation effect was not significant. Formaldehyde levels did not change, and a 21% generation of CO2 was observed. The percent reduction of targeted gases decreased as the airborne PM increased. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis confirmed that UV-A treatment changed the overall nuisance odor character of swine barn emissions into weaker manure odor with ‘toothpaste and ‘mint’ notes. The smell of benzoic acid generated in UV-A treatment was likely one of the compounds responsible for the less-offensive overall odor character of the UV-treated emissions. Results are needed to inform the design of a farm-scale trial, where the interior barn walls can be treated with the photocatalyst.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 585 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (5):585.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis." Atmosphere 12, no. 5: 585.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2021 in Animals
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It is essential to mitigate gaseous emissions that result from poultry and livestock production to increase industry sustainability. Odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have detrimental effects on the quality of life in rural communities, the environment, and climate. This study’s objective was to evaluate the photocatalytic UV treatment of gaseous emissions of odor, odorous VOCs, NH3, and other gases (GHGs, O3—sometimes considered as by-products of UV treatment) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale. The manure emissions were treated in fast-moving air using a mobile lab equipped with UV-A and UV-C lights and TiO2-based photocatalyst. Treated gas airflow (0.25–0.76 m3∙s−1) simulates output from a small ventilation fan in a barn. Through controlling the light intensity and airflow, UV dose was tested for techno-economic analyses. The treatment effectiveness depended on the UV dose and wavelength. Under UV-A (367 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reduction of targeted gases was up to (i) 63% of odor, (ii) 51%, 51%, 53%, 67%, and 32% of acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, and indole, respectively, (iii) 14% of nitrous oxide (N2O), (iv) 100% of O3, and 26% generation of CO2. Under UV-C (185 + 254 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reductions of target gases were up to (i) 54% and 47% for p-cresol and indole, respectively, (ii) 25% of N2O, (iii) 71% of CH4, and 46% and 139% generation of CO2 and O3, respectively. The results proved that the UV technology was sufficiently effective in treating odorous gases, and the mobile lab was ready for farm-scale trials. The UV technology can be considered for the scaled-up treatment of emissions and air quality improvement inside livestock barns. Results from this study are needed to inform the experimental design for future on-farm research with UV-A and UV-C.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with UV-A and UV-C. Animals 2021, 11, 1289 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with UV-A and UV-C. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Manure with UV-A and UV-C." Animals 11, no. 5: 1289.

Original research article
Published: 15 April 2021 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Biochar application to the soil can improve soil quality and nutrient leaching loss from swine manure adapted soils. Our working hypothesis was that the biochar-incubated with manure could be a better soil amendment than conventional manure application. The manure-biochar application to the soil would decrease nutrient leaching from manure and increase plant-available nutrients. The study objectives were to 1) assess the physicochemical properties of the manure-biochar mixture after lab incubation and 2) evaluate the impact of biochar-treated swine manure on soil total C, N, and other major and minor nutrients in comparison to conventional manure application to soil. Three biochars 1) neutral pH red-oak (RO), 2) highly alkaline autothermal corn (Zea mays) stover (HAP), and 3) mild acidic Fe-treated autothermal corn stover (HAPE) were incubated with swine manure for a month. The biochar-manure mixture was applied in triplicate to soil columns with an application rate determined by the P2O5-P content in manure or manure-biochar mixtures after the incubation. The ammonium (NH4 +), nitrate (NO3 ‒), and reactive P concentrations in soil column leachates were recorded for eight leaching events. Soil properties and plant-available nutrients were compared between treatments and control manure and soil. Manure-(HAP&HAPE) biochar treatments significantly increased soil organic matter (OM), and all biochar-manure mixture increased (numerically) soil total C, N, and improved soil bulk density. Concentrations of NH4 + and NO3 ‒ significantly increased in MHAPE column leachates during this 4-week study and the KCl-extractable NH4 + and NO3 ‒ in the soil at the end of the experiment. A significant reduction in soil Mehlich3 Cu was also observed for the manure-HAPE mixture compared with the manure control. The manure-red oak biochar significantly increased the soil Mn availability than other manure-biochar treatments or manure control. Overall, the manure-biochar incubation enabled biochar to stabilize the C and several nutrients from manure. The subsequent manure-biochar mixture application to soil improved soil quality and plant nutrient availability compared to conventional manure application. This proof-of-the-concept study suggests that biochars could be used to solve both environmental and agronomic challenges and further improve the sustainability of animal and crop production agriculture.

ACS Style

Chumki Banik; Jacek A. Koziel; Mriganka De; Darcy Bonds; Baitong Chen; Asheesh Singh; Mark A. Licht. Biochar-Swine Manure Impact on Soil Nutrients and Carbon Under Controlled Leaching Experiment Using a Midwestern Mollisols. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Chumki Banik, Jacek A. Koziel, Mriganka De, Darcy Bonds, Baitong Chen, Asheesh Singh, Mark A. Licht. Biochar-Swine Manure Impact on Soil Nutrients and Carbon Under Controlled Leaching Experiment Using a Midwestern Mollisols. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chumki Banik; Jacek A. Koziel; Mriganka De; Darcy Bonds; Baitong Chen; Asheesh Singh; Mark A. Licht. 2021. "Biochar-Swine Manure Impact on Soil Nutrients and Carbon Under Controlled Leaching Experiment Using a Midwestern Mollisols." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9, no. : 1.

Original research article
Published: 09 April 2021 in Frontiers in Environmental Science
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions from animal agriculture can cause eutrophication of water ecosystems and are precursors to secondary particulate matter (PM2 .5). NH3 emissions from stored swine manure represent nutrient loss affecting the fertilizing value of manure. The short-term emission bursts occur when farmers agitate manure before emptying storage and fertilizing fields. There is no proven technology to mitigate gaseous emissions during agitation, while the hazards of acute releases (e.g., H2S) are well-known. Biochar mitigates NH3 emissions from manure over the long-term. The objective of this research was to evaluate the mitigation of acute NH3 emissions during/after agitation. Two biochars, highly alkaline and porous (HAP from corn stover) and red oak (RO), were tested. The 6 and 12 mm-thick layers of biochar powder were surficial applied followed by 3 min agitation. NH3 concentrations were measured before/during/after agitation. Mitigation was assessed by comparing: (i) the maximum (peak) flux, (ii) total emission (from agitation start till NH3 concentration returned to the before-agitation), and (iii) the total emissions during agitation. The 12 mm HAP significantly (p < 0.05) reduced (i–iii) by 63, 70, and 85%, respectively. The 6 mm HAP significantly reduced (i–iii) by 76, 75, and 78%, respectively. The 12 mm RO significantly reduced (i–iii) by 9, 53, and 57%, respectively. The 6 mm RO significantly reduced (i–iii) by 61, 86, and 63%, respectively. The NH3 emission kinetics model confirmed that a 6 mm dose was just as effective as the larger dose. More research is needed to optimize and scale-up mitigating emissions and retention of nutrients in manure with biochar.

ACS Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Hantian Ma; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Robert C. Brown. Mitigation of Acute Ammonia Emissions With Biochar During Swine Manure Agitation Before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2021, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Baitong Chen, Jacek A. Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec, Myeongseong Lee, Hantian Ma, Samuel O’Brien, Peiyang Li, Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly, Robert C. Brown. Mitigation of Acute Ammonia Emissions With Biochar During Swine Manure Agitation Before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept. Frontiers in Environmental Science. 2021; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Baitong Chen; Jacek A. Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec; Myeongseong Lee; Hantian Ma; Samuel O’Brien; Peiyang Li; Zhanibek Meiirkhanuly; Robert C. Brown. 2021. "Mitigation of Acute Ammonia Emissions With Biochar During Swine Manure Agitation Before Pump-Out: Proof-of-the-Concept." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2021 in Land
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The use of swine manure as a source of plant nutrients is one alternative to synthetic fertilizers. However, conventional manure application with >90% water and a low C:N ratio results in soil C loss to the atmosphere. Our hypothesis was to use biochar as a manure nutrient stabilizer that would slowly release nutrients to plants upon biochar-swine manure mixture application to soil. The objectives were to evaluate the impact of biochar-treated swine manure on soil total C, N, and plant-available macro- and micronutrients in greenhouse-cultivated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Neutral pH red oak (RO), highly alkaline autothermal corn stover (HAP), and mild acidic Fe-treated autothermal corn stover (HAPE) biomass were pyrolyzed to prepare biochars. Each biochar was surface-applied to swine manure at a 1:4 (biochar wt/manure wt) ratio to generate mixtures of manure and respective biochars (MRO, MHAP, and MHAPE). Conventional manure (M) control and manure-biochar mixtures were then applied to the soil at a recommended rate. Corn and soybean were grown under these controls and treatments (S, M, MRO, MHAP, and MHAPE) to evaluate the manure-biochar impact on soil quality, plant biomass yield, and nutrient uptake. Soil organic matter significantly (<0.05) increased in all manure-biochar treatments; however, no change in soil pH or total N was observed under any treatment. No difference in soil ammonium between treatments was identified. There was a significant decrease in soil Mehlich3 (M3) P and KCl extractable soil NO3 − for all manure-biochar treatments compared to the conventional M. However, the plant biomass nutrient concentrations were not significantly different from control manure. Moreover, an increasing trend of plant total N and decreasing trend of P in the plant under all biochar-manure treatments than the controls were noted. This observation suggests that the presence of biochar is capable of influencing the soil N and P in such a way as not to lose those nutrients at the early growth stages of the plant. In general, no statistical difference in corn or soybean biomass yield and plant nutrient uptake for N, P, and K was observed. Interestingly, manure-biochar application to soil significantly diluted the M3 extractable soil Cu and Zn concentrations. The results attribute that manure-biochar has the potential to be a better soil amendment than conventional manure application to the soil.

ACS Style

Chumki Banik; Jacek Koziel; Darcy Bonds; Asheesh Singh; Mark Licht. Comparing Biochar-Swine Manure Mixture to Conventional Manure Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake—A Greenhouse Study. Land 2021, 10, 372 .

AMA Style

Chumki Banik, Jacek Koziel, Darcy Bonds, Asheesh Singh, Mark Licht. Comparing Biochar-Swine Manure Mixture to Conventional Manure Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake—A Greenhouse Study. Land. 2021; 10 (4):372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chumki Banik; Jacek Koziel; Darcy Bonds; Asheesh Singh; Mark Licht. 2021. "Comparing Biochar-Swine Manure Mixture to Conventional Manure Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake—A Greenhouse Study." Land 10, no. 4: 372.

Preprint
Published: 25 March 2021
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UV-A (ca. 365 nm wavelength, a.k.a. 'black light') photocatalysis has been investigated to comprehensively mitigate odor and selected air pollutants in the livestock environment. This study was conducted to confirm the performance of UV-A photocatalysis on the swine farm. The objectives of this research were to (1) scale-up of the UV-A photocatalysis treatment, (2) evaluate the mitigation of odorous gases from swine slurry pit, and (3) test different UV sources, (4) evaluate the effect of suspended particulate matter (PM), and (5) conduct preliminary economic analyses. We tested UV-A photocatalysis at a mobile laboratory-scale capable of treating ~0.2 - 0.8 m3·s-1 of barn exhaust air. The targeted gaseous emissions of barn exhaust air were significantly mitigated (p < 0.05) up to 40% reduction of measured odor; 63%, 44%, 32%, 40%, 66%, and 49% reduction of dimethyl disulfide, isobutyric acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, indole, and skatole, respectively; 40% reduction of H2S; 100% reduction of O3; and 13% reduction of N2O. The PM mitigation effect was not significant. Formaldehyde levels did not change, and a 21% generation of CO2 was observed. The percent reduction of targeted gases decreased as the airborne PM increased. Simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis confirmed that UV-A treatment changed the overall nuisance odor character of swine barn emissions into weaker manure odor with 'toothpaste and 'mint' notes. The smell of benzoic acid generated in UV-A treatment was likely one of the compounds responsible for the less-offensive overall odor character of the UV-treated emissions. Results are needed to inform the design of a farm-scale trial, where the interior barn walls can be treated with the photocatalyst, and foul air will be passively treated as it moves through the barn.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William S. Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Mitigation of Odor and Gaseous Emissions from Swine Barn with UV-A and UV-C Photocatalysis." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 18 March 2021 in Agriculture
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Proper treatment of infectious air could potentially mitigate the spread of airborne viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The objective of this research is to test the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) in inactivating aerosolized PRRSV, specifically, four UV lamps, UV-A (365 nm, both fluorescent and LED-based), “excimer” UV-C (222 nm), and germicidal UV-C (254 nm), were tested. The two UV-C lamps effectively irradiated fast-moving PRRSV aerosols with short treatment times (2, respectively, based on one-stage and two-stage models. An order of magnitude lower UV-C (222 nm) doses were needed for a 3-log reduction, i.e., 0.0882 and 0.048 mJ/cm2, based on one-stage and two-stage models, respectively. However, the cost of 222 nm excimer lamps is still economically prohibitive for scaling-up trials. The UV-A (365 nm) lamps could not reduce PRRSV titers for tested doses up to 4.11 mJ/cm2. Pilot-scale or farm-scale testing of UV-C on PRRSV aerosols simulating barn ventilation rates are recommended based on its effectiveness and reasonable costs comparable to HEPA filtration.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-Concept. Agriculture 2021, 11, 259 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek Koziel, Jeffrey Zimmerman, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, William Jenks, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, Steven Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-Concept. Agriculture. 2021; 11 (3):259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven Hoff. 2021. "Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-Concept." Agriculture 11, no. 3: 259.

Review article
Published: 12 March 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Phosphorus (P) is a limited yet essential resource. P cannot be replaced, but it can be recovered from waste. We proposed the TRIZ approach (Teoria reszenija izobretatielskich zadacz - Rus., Theory of Inventive Problem Solving - Eng.) to identify a feasible solution. We aimed at minimizing the environmental impact and, by eliminating contradictions, proposed viable technical solutions. P recovery can be more sustainable based on circular economy and 4Rs (reduction, recovery, reuse, and recycling). The TRIZ approach identified sewage sludge (SS) as waste with a large potential for P recovery (up to 90%). Successful selection and application of SS management and P recovery require a transdisciplinary approach to overcome the various socio-economic, environmental, technical, and legal aspects. The review provides an understanding of principles that must be taken to improve understanding of the whole process of P recovery from wastewater while building on the last two decades of research.

ACS Style

Anna Jama-Rodzeńska; Andrzej Białowiec; Jacek A. Koziel; Józef Sowiński. Waste to phosphorus: A transdisciplinary solution to P recovery from wastewater based on the TRIZ approach. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 287, 112235 .

AMA Style

Anna Jama-Rodzeńska, Andrzej Białowiec, Jacek A. Koziel, Józef Sowiński. Waste to phosphorus: A transdisciplinary solution to P recovery from wastewater based on the TRIZ approach. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 287 ():112235.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Jama-Rodzeńska; Andrzej Białowiec; Jacek A. Koziel; Józef Sowiński. 2021. "Waste to phosphorus: A transdisciplinary solution to P recovery from wastewater based on the TRIZ approach." Journal of Environmental Management 287, no. : 112235.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Energies
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Advanced technologies call for composting indoors for minimized impact on the surrounding environment. However, enclosing compost piles inside halls may cause the accumulation of toxic pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO). Thus, there is a need to assess the occupational risk to workers that can be exposed to CO concentrations > 300 ppm at the initial stage of the process. The objectives were to (1) develop a model of CO accumulation in the headspace of the bioreactor during organic waste composting and (2) assess the impact of headspace ventilation of enclosed compost. The maximum allowable CO level inside the bioreactor headspace for potential short-term occupational exposure up to 10 min was 100 ppm. The composting was modeled in the horizontal static reactor over 14 days in seven scenarios, differing in the ratio of headspace-to-waste volumes (H:W) (4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4). Headspace CO concentration exceeded 100 ppm in each variant with the maximum value of 36.1% without ventilation and 3.2% with the daily release of accumulated CO. The airflow necessary to maintain CO < 100 ppmv should be at least 7.15 m3·(h·Mg w.m.)−1. The H:W > 4:1 and the height of compost pile < 1 m were less susceptible to CO accumulation.

ACS Style

Karolina Sobieraj; Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Modeling of CO Accumulation in the Headspace of the Bioreactor during Organic Waste Composting. Energies 2021, 14, 1367 .

AMA Style

Karolina Sobieraj, Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska, Jacek Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Modeling of CO Accumulation in the Headspace of the Bioreactor during Organic Waste Composting. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karolina Sobieraj; Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2021. "Modeling of CO Accumulation in the Headspace of the Bioreactor during Organic Waste Composting." Energies 14, no. 5: 1367.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2021 in Materials
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In work, data from carbonization of the eight main municipal solid waste components (carton, fabric, kitchen waste, paper, plastic, rubber, paper/aluminum/polyethylene (PAP/AL/PE) composite packaging pack, wood) carbonized at 300–500 °C for 20–60 min were used to build regression models to predict the biochar properties (proximate and ultimate analysis) for particular components. These models were then combined in general models that predict the properties of char made from mixed waste components depending on pyrolysis temperature, residence time, and share of municipal solid waste components. Next, the general models were compared with experimental data (two mixtures made from the above-mentioned components carbonized at the same conditions). The comparison showed that most of the proposed general models had a determination coefficient (R2) over 0.6, and the best prediction was found for the prediction of biochar mass yield (R2 = 0.9). All models were implemented into a spreadsheet to provide a simple tool to determine the potential of carbonization of municipal solid waste/refuse solid fuel based on a local mix of major components.

ACS Style

Kacper Świechowski; Paweł Stępień; Ewa Syguła; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. Lab-Scale Study of Temperature and Duration Effects on Carbonized Solid Fuels Properties Produced from Municipal Solid Waste Components. Materials 2021, 14, 1191 .

AMA Style

Kacper Świechowski, Paweł Stępień, Ewa Syguła, Jacek Koziel, Andrzej Białowiec. Lab-Scale Study of Temperature and Duration Effects on Carbonized Solid Fuels Properties Produced from Municipal Solid Waste Components. Materials. 2021; 14 (5):1191.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kacper Świechowski; Paweł Stępień; Ewa Syguła; Jacek Koziel; Andrzej Białowiec. 2021. "Lab-Scale Study of Temperature and Duration Effects on Carbonized Solid Fuels Properties Produced from Municipal Solid Waste Components." Materials 14, no. 5: 1191.

Preprint
Published: 03 March 2021
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The use of swine manure as a source of plant nutrients is one alternative to synthetic fertilizers. However, conventional manure application with >90% water and a low C:N ratio results in soil C loss to the atmosphere. Our hypothesis was to use biochar as a manure nutrient stabilizer that would slowly release nutrients to plants upon biochar-swine manure mixture application to soil. The objectives were to evaluate the impact of biochar-treated swine manure on soil total C, N, and plant-available macro and micronutrients in greenhouse-cultivated corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Neutral pH red oak (RO), highly alkaline autothermal corn stover (HAP), and mild acidic Fe-treated autothermal corn stover (HAPE) biomass were pyrolyzed to prepare biochars. Each biochar was surface-applied to swine manure at a 1:4 (biochar wt/manure wt) ratio to generate mixtures of manure and respective biochars (MRO, MHAP, and MHAPE). Conventional manure (M) control and manure-biochar mixtures were then applied to the soil at a recommended rate. Corn and soybean were grown under these controls and treatments (S, M, MRO, MHAP, and MHAPE) to evaluate the manure-biochar impact on soil quality, plant biomass yield, and nutrient uptake. Soil OM significantly (<0.05) increased in all manure-biochar treatments; however, no change in soil pH or N was observed under any treatment. No difference in soil ammonium between treatments was identified. There was a significant decrease in soil M3-P and soil NO3- for all manure-biochar treatments compared to the conventional M. However, the plant biomass nutrient concentrations were not significantly different from control manure. Moreover, an increasing trend of N and decreasing trend of P in the plant under all biochar-manure treatments than the controls were noted. This observation suggests that the presence of biochar is capable of influencing the soil N and P in such a way as not to lose those nutrients at the early growth stages of the plant. In general, no statistical difference in corn or soybean biomass yield and plant nutrient uptake for N, P, and K was observed. Interestingly, manure-biochar application to soil significantly diluted the M3-extractable soil Cu and Zn concentrations. The results attribute that manure-biochar has the potential to be a better soil amendment than conventional manure application to the soil.

ACS Style

Chumki Banik; Jacek Koziel; Darcy Bonds; Asheesh Singh; Mark Licht. Comparing Biochar-Swine Manure Mixture to Conventional Manure Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake – A Greenhouse Study. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Chumki Banik, Jacek Koziel, Darcy Bonds, Asheesh Singh, Mark Licht. Comparing Biochar-Swine Manure Mixture to Conventional Manure Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake – A Greenhouse Study. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chumki Banik; Jacek Koziel; Darcy Bonds; Asheesh Singh; Mark Licht. 2021. "Comparing Biochar-Swine Manure Mixture to Conventional Manure Impact on Soil Nutrient Availability and Plant Uptake – A Greenhouse Study." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 02 March 2021
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It is essential to mitigate gaseous emissions that result from poultry and livestock production to increase industry sustainability. Odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and greenhouse gases (GHGs) have detrimental effects on the quality of life in rural communities, the environment, and climate. This study's objective was to evaluate the photocatalytic UV treatment of gaseous emissions of odor, odorous VOCs, NH3, and other gases (GHGs, O3 – sometimes considered as by-products of UV treatment) from stored swine manure on a pilot-scale. The manure emissions were treated in fast-moving air using a mobile lab equipped with UV-A and UV-C lights and TiO2-based photocatalyst. Treated gas airflow (0.25 to 0.76 m3/s) simulates output from a small ventilation fan in a barn. Through controlling the light intensity and airflow, UV dose was tested for techno-economic analyses. The treatment effectiveness depended on the UV dose and wavelength. Under UV-A (367 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reduction of targeted gases was up to i) 63% of odor, ii) 51%, 51%, 53%, 67%, and 32% of acetic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, p-cresol, and indole, respectively, iii) 14% of nitrous oxide (N2O), iv) 100% of O3, and 26% generation of CO2. Under UV-C (185+254 nm) photocatalysis, the percent reductions of target gases were up to i) 54% and 47% for p-cresol and indole, respectively, ii) 25% of N2O, iii) 71% of CH4, and 46% & 139% generation of CO2 & O3, respectively. The results proved that the UV technology was sufficiently effective in treating odorous gases, and the mobile lab was ready for farm-scale trials. The UV technology can be considered for the scaled-up treatment of emissions and air quality improvement inside livestock barns.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions From Swine Manure With UV-A and UV-C. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek A. Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William S. Jenks, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik. Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions From Swine Manure With UV-A and UV-C. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek A. Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William S. Jenks; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik. 2021. "Evaluation of TiO2 Based Photocatalytic Treatment of Odor and Gaseous Emissions From Swine Manure With UV-A and UV-C." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 02 March 2021
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Proper treatment of infectious air could potentially mitigate the spread of airborne viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The objective of this research is to test the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) in inactivating aerosolized PRRSV, specifically, four UV lamps, UV-A (365 nm, both fluorescent and LED-based), "excimer" UV-C (222 nm), and germicidal UV-C (254 nm), were tested. The two UV-C lamps effectively irradiated fast-moving PRRSV aerosols with short treatment times (<2 s). One-stage and two-stage UV inactivation models estimated the UV doses needed for target percentage (%) reductions on PRRSV titer. UV-C (254 nm) dose needed for 3-log (99.9%) reduction was 0.521 and 0.0943 mJ/cm2, respectively, based on one-stage and two-stage models. An order of magnitude lower UV-C (222 nm) doses were needed for a 3-log reduction, i.e., 0.0882 and 0.048 mJ/cm2, based on one-stage and two-stage models, respectively. However, the cost of 222-nm excimer lamps is still economically prohibitive for scaling-up trials. The UV-A (365 nm) lamps could not reduce PRRSV titers for tested doses up to 4.11 mJ/cm2. Pilot-scale or farm-scale testing of UV-C on PRRSV aerosols simulating barn ventilation rates are recommended based on its effectiveness and reasonable costs comparable to HEPA filtration.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Jeffrey J. Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William S. Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven J. Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-concept. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek A. Koziel, Jeffrey J. Zimmerman, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, William S. Jenks, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, Steven J. Hoff. Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-concept. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek A. Koziel; Jeffrey J. Zimmerman; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; William S. Jenks; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; Steven J. Hoff. 2021. "Mitigation of Airborne PRRSV Transmission with UV Light Treatment: Proof-of-concept." , no. : 1.

Preprint
Published: 10 February 2021
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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections cause significant economic losses to swine producers every year. Aerosols containing infectious PRRSV are an important route of transmission, and proper treatment of air could mitigate the airborne spread of the virus within and between barns. Previous bioaerosol studies focused on the microbiology of PRRSV aerosols; thus, the current study addressed the engineering aspects of virus aerosolization and collection. Specific objectives were to (1) build and test a virus aerosolization system, (2) achieve a uniform and repeatable aerosol generation and collection throughout all replicates, (3) identify and minimize sources of variation, (4) verify that the collection system (impingers) performed similarly. The system for virus aerosolization was built and tested (Obj. 1). The uniform airflow distribution was confirmed using a physical tracer (<12% relative standard deviation) for all treatments and sound engineering control of flow rates (Obj. 2). Theoretical uncertainty analyses and mass balance calculations showed <3% loss of air mass flow rate between the inlet and outlet (Obj. 3). A comparison of TCID50 values among impinger fluids showed no statistical difference between any two of the three trials (p-value = 0.148, 0.357, 0.846) (Obj. 4). These results showed that the readiness of the system for research on virus aerosolization and treatment (e.g., by ultraviolet light), as well as its potential use for research on other types of airborne pathogens and their mitigation on a laboratory scale.

ACS Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Steven Hoff; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; William Jenks. Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Peiyang Li, Jacek Koziel, Jeffrey Zimmerman, Steven Hoff, Jianqiang Zhang, Ting-Yu Cheng, Wannarat Yim-Im, Myeongseong Lee, Baitong Chen, William Jenks. Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peiyang Li; Jacek Koziel; Jeffrey Zimmerman; Steven Hoff; Jianqiang Zhang; Ting-Yu Cheng; Wannarat Yim-Im; Myeongseong Lee; Baitong Chen; William Jenks. 2021. "Designing and Testing of a System for Aerosolization and Recovery of Viable Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): Theoretical and Engineering Considerations." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Livestock production systems generate nuisance odor and gaseous emissions affecting local communities and regional air quality. There are also concerns about the occupational health and safety of farmworkers. Proven mitigation technologies that are consistent with the socio-economic challenges of animal farming are needed. We have been scaling up the photocatalytic treatment of emissions from lab-scale, aiming at farm-scale readiness. In this paper, we present the design, testing, and commissioning of a mobile laboratory for on-farm research and demonstration of performance in simulated farm conditions before testing to the farm. The mobile lab is capable of treating up to 1.2 m3/s of air with titanium dioxide, TiO2-based photocatalysis, and adjustable UV-A dose based on LED lamps. We summarize the main technical requirements, constraints, approach, and performance metrics for a mobile laboratory, such as the effectiveness (measured as the percent reduction) and cost of photocatalytic treatment of air. The commissioning of all systems with standard gases resulted in ~9% and 34% reduction of ammonia (NH3) and butan-1-ol, respectively. We demonstrated the percent reduction of standard gases increased with increased light intensity and treatment time. These results show that the mobile laboratory was ready for on-farm deployment and evaluating the effectiveness of UV treatment.

ACS Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Blake Fonken; Ryan Storjohann; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik; Landon Wahe; Heekwon Ahn. Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 1523 .

AMA Style

Myeongseong Lee, Jacek Koziel, Wyatt Murphy, William Jenks, Blake Fonken, Ryan Storjohann, Baitong Chen, Peiyang Li, Chumki Banik, Landon Wahe, Heekwon Ahn. Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (4):1523.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Myeongseong Lee; Jacek Koziel; Wyatt Murphy; William Jenks; Blake Fonken; Ryan Storjohann; Baitong Chen; Peiyang Li; Chumki Banik; Landon Wahe; Heekwon Ahn. 2021. "Design and Testing of Mobile Laboratory for Mitigation of Gaseous Emissions from Livestock Agriculture with Photocatalysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1523.

Review
Published: 03 February 2021 in Atmosphere
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When it comes to air pollution complaints, odours are often the most significant contributor. Sources of odour emissions range from natural to anthropogenic. Mitigation of odour can be challenging, multifaceted, site-specific, and is often confounded by its complexity—defined by existing (or non-existing) environmental laws, public ordinances, and socio-economic considerations. The objective of this paper is to review and summarise odour legislation in selected European countries (France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the UK, Spain, the Netherlands, Italy, Belgium), North America (the USA and Canada), and South America (Chile and Colombia), as well as Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and Asia (Japan, China). Many countries have incorporated odour controls into their legislation. However, odour-related assessment criteria tend to be highly variable between countries, individual states, provinces, and even counties and towns. Legislation ranges from (1) no specific mention in environmental legislation that regulates pollutants which are known to have an odour impact to (2) extensive details about odour source testing, odour dispersion modelling, ambient odour monitoring, (3) setback distances, (4) process operations, and (5) odour control technologies and procedures. Agricultural operations are one specific source of odour emissions in rural and suburban areas and a model example of such complexities. Management of agricultural odour emissions is important because of the dense consolidation of animal feeding operations and the advance of housing development into rural areas. Overall, there is a need for continued survey, review, development, and adjustment of odour legislation that considers sustainable development, environmental stewardship, and socio-economic realities, all of which are amenable to a just, site-specific, and sector-specific application.

ACS Style

Anna Bokowa; Carlos Diaz; Jacek Koziel; Michael McGinley; Jennifer Barclay; Günther Schauberger; Jean-Michel Guillot; Robert Sneath; Laura Capelli; Vania Zorich; Cyntia Izquierdo; Ilse Bilsen; Anne-Claude Romain; Maria Del Carmen Cabeza; Dezhao Liu; Ralf Both; Hugo Van Belois; Takaya Higuchi; Landon Wahe. Summary and Overview of the Odour Regulations Worldwide. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 206 .

AMA Style

Anna Bokowa, Carlos Diaz, Jacek Koziel, Michael McGinley, Jennifer Barclay, Günther Schauberger, Jean-Michel Guillot, Robert Sneath, Laura Capelli, Vania Zorich, Cyntia Izquierdo, Ilse Bilsen, Anne-Claude Romain, Maria Del Carmen Cabeza, Dezhao Liu, Ralf Both, Hugo Van Belois, Takaya Higuchi, Landon Wahe. Summary and Overview of the Odour Regulations Worldwide. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (2):206.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anna Bokowa; Carlos Diaz; Jacek Koziel; Michael McGinley; Jennifer Barclay; Günther Schauberger; Jean-Michel Guillot; Robert Sneath; Laura Capelli; Vania Zorich; Cyntia Izquierdo; Ilse Bilsen; Anne-Claude Romain; Maria Del Carmen Cabeza; Dezhao Liu; Ralf Both; Hugo Van Belois; Takaya Higuchi; Landon Wahe. 2021. "Summary and Overview of the Odour Regulations Worldwide." Atmosphere 12, no. 2: 206.