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Over the last decade, manufacturers have come forth with cost-effective sensors for measuring ambient and indoor particulate matter concentration. What these sensors make up for in cost efficiency, they lack in reliability of the measured data due to their sensitivities to temperature and relative humidity. These weaknesses are especially evident when it comes to portable or mobile measurement setups. In recent years many studies have been conducted to assess the possibilities and limitations of these sensors, however mostly restricted to stationary measurements. This study reviews the published literature until 2020 on cost-effective sensors, summarizes the recommendations of experts in the field based on their experiences, and outlines the quantile-mapping methodology to calibrate low-cost sensors in mobile applications. Compared to the commonly used linear regression method, quantile mapping retains the spatial characteristics of the measurements, although a common correction factor cannot be determined. We conclude that quantile mapping can be a useful calibration methodology for mobile measurements given a well-elaborated measurement plan assures providing the necessary data.
Janani Venkatraman Jagatha; André Klausnitzer; Miriam Chacón-Mateos; Bernd Laquai; Evert Nieuwkoop; Peter van der Mark; Ulrich Vogt; Christoph Schneider. Calibration Method for Particulate Matter Low-Cost Sensors Used in Ambient Air Quality Monitoring and Research. Sensors 2021, 21, 3960 .
AMA StyleJanani Venkatraman Jagatha, André Klausnitzer, Miriam Chacón-Mateos, Bernd Laquai, Evert Nieuwkoop, Peter van der Mark, Ulrich Vogt, Christoph Schneider. Calibration Method for Particulate Matter Low-Cost Sensors Used in Ambient Air Quality Monitoring and Research. Sensors. 2021; 21 (12):3960.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJanani Venkatraman Jagatha; André Klausnitzer; Miriam Chacón-Mateos; Bernd Laquai; Evert Nieuwkoop; Peter van der Mark; Ulrich Vogt; Christoph Schneider. 2021. "Calibration Method for Particulate Matter Low-Cost Sensors Used in Ambient Air Quality Monitoring and Research." Sensors 21, no. 12: 3960.
The Tianshan Mountains, with their status as “water tower”, receive quantities of precipitation that are among the highest in Central Asia. There are considerable knowledge gaps regarding the understanding of spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation over this water-scarce region. Based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) dataset, this study evaluated the precipitation variations over Tianshan Mountains on different time scales by using Mann-Kendall (M-K) test approaches and the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) method. The results show that (1) most parts of Tianshan experienced increasing annual precipitation during 1950-2016 while Western Tianshan, which is the wettest region, faced a downtrend of precipitation during the same 67 years. (2) The annual precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains has exhibited high-frequency variations with 3-year and 6-year quasi-periods and low-frequency variations with 12-year, 27-year quasi-periods. On the decadal scale, Tianshan had two dry periods (1950-1962 and 1973-1984) and two wet periods (1962-1972 and 1985-2016) and has experienced a tendency of continuous humidification since 2004. (3) The precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains shows a strong seasonality. In total, 63.6% of all precipitation falls in spring and summer. Distinctive differences are found in seasonal precipitation variations among the sub-Tianshan regions. Obvious upward trends of precipitation over Eastern Tianshan were found in all seasons, with Eastern Tianshan entering a humid period as early as 1986. Northern and Central Tianshan experienced a decreasing trend in summer and spring. However, in the other seasons, those two sub-Tianshan regions have been in humid periods since the 1990s. The precipitation over Western Tianshan showed an upward trend in summer and autumn. The obvious downward trends in spring and winter have led to dry periods in these two seasons from 1997-2014 and 2008-2016, respectively.
Xuefeng Guan; Junqiang Yao; Christoph Schneider. Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia . Part I: Linear and nonlinear trends of the annual and seasonal precipitation. International Journal of Climatology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXuefeng Guan, Junqiang Yao, Christoph Schneider. Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia . Part I: Linear and nonlinear trends of the annual and seasonal precipitation. International Journal of Climatology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuefeng Guan; Junqiang Yao; Christoph Schneider. 2021. "Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia . Part I: Linear and nonlinear trends of the annual and seasonal precipitation." International Journal of Climatology , no. : 1.
The annual precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains experienced an inter-decadal transition shift towards an increasing trend in the late 1980s. This study conducts attribution analysis from atmospheric circulation factors based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) dataset and NCEP/NACR reanalysis data. The results show that (1) Winter precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains is affected by multi-decadal oscillations with periods of 26.8 and 44.7 years, and has entered a period of positive anomalies after 1988. Although the non-linear trend of winter precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains firstly increased and then decreased after 1979, the multi-decadal fluctuation of precipitation caused the Tianshan Mountains in winter to be in a wet period from the 1980s until 2011. (2) We find that the East Atlantic-West Russia (EATL/WRUS) teleconnection pattern has a similar multi-decadal variability as Tianshan precipitation in winter. The wet period of Tianshan in winter after 1988 is mainly due to the enhanced meridional feature of the EATL/WRUS triggering more water vapour flux from low-latitude oceanic areas. (3) Summer precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains has an obvious multi-decadal scale of 33.5 years and shows a non-linear growth trend. Tianshan Mountains in summer entered a humid period after 1986. (4) The Scandinavia (SCAND) teleconnection pattern represents important circulation variability affecting Tianshan summer precipitation. The vigorous high pressure over the Ural Mountains and the low pressure over Central Asia during the SCAND negative phase in summer jointly lead to enhanced moisture transport from the Arctic Ocean to the Tianshan Mountains. (5) Apart from SCAND, the Silk Road pattern (SRP) and East Asia-Pacific teleconnection (EAP) also impacted Tianshan summer precipitation during the periods 1964-1984 and 1985-2004.
Xuefeng Guan; Junqiang Yao; Christoph Schneider. Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Part II: Multi‐decadal precipitation trends and their association with atmospheric circulation in both the winter and summer seasons. International Journal of Climatology 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXuefeng Guan, Junqiang Yao, Christoph Schneider. Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Part II: Multi‐decadal precipitation trends and their association with atmospheric circulation in both the winter and summer seasons. International Journal of Climatology. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuefeng Guan; Junqiang Yao; Christoph Schneider. 2021. "Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Part II: Multi‐decadal precipitation trends and their association with atmospheric circulation in both the winter and summer seasons." International Journal of Climatology , no. : 1.
The COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass balance model in PYthon (COSIPY) was employed to investigate the relationship between the variability and sensitivity of the mass balance record of the Halji glacier, in the Himalayas, north-western Nepal, over a 40 year period since October 1981 to atmospheric drivers. COSIPY was forced with the atmospheric reanalysis dataset ERA5-Land that has been statistically downscaled to the location of an automatic weather station at the Halji glacier. Glacier mass balance simulations with air temperature and precipitation perturbations were executed and teleconnections investigated. For the mass-balance years 1982 to 2019, a mean annual glacier-wide climatic mass balance of −0.48 meters water equivalent per year (m w.e. a−1) with large interannual variability (standard deviation 0.71 m w.e. a−1) was simulated. This variability is dominated by temperature and precipitation patterns. The Halji glacier is mostly sensitive to summer temperature and monsoon-related precipitation perturbations, which is reflected in a strong correlation with albedo. According to the simulations, the climate sensitivity with respect to either positive or negative air temperature and precipitation changes is nonlinear: A mean temperature increase (decrease) of 1 K would result in a change of the glacier-wide climatic mass balance of −1.43 m w.e. a−1 (0.99 m w.e. a−1) while a precipitation increase (decrease) of 10% would cause a change of 0.45m w.e. a−1 (−0.59 m w.e. a−1). Out of 22 circulation and monsoon indexes, only the Webster and Yang Monsoon index and Polar/Eurasia index provide significant correlations with the glacier-wide climatic mass balance. Based on the strong dependency of the climatic mass balance from summer season conditions, we conclude that the snow–albedo feedback in summer is crucial for the Halji glacier. This finding is also reflected in the correlation of albedo with the Webster and Yang Monsoon index.
Anselm Arndt; Dieter Scherer; Christoph Schneider. Atmosphere Driven Mass-Balance Sensitivity of Halji Glacier, Himalayas. Atmosphere 2021, 12, 426 .
AMA StyleAnselm Arndt, Dieter Scherer, Christoph Schneider. Atmosphere Driven Mass-Balance Sensitivity of Halji Glacier, Himalayas. Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (4):426.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnselm Arndt; Dieter Scherer; Christoph Schneider. 2021. "Atmosphere Driven Mass-Balance Sensitivity of Halji Glacier, Himalayas." Atmosphere 12, no. 4: 426.
Bedrock overdeepenings exposed by continued glacial retreat can store precipitation and meltwater, potentially leading to the formation of new proglacial lakes. These lakes may pose threats of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in high mountain areas, particularly if new lakes form in geomorphological setups prone to triggering events such as landslides or moraine collapses. We present the first complete inventory for future glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia by computing the subglacial bedrock for ~100 000 glaciers and estimating overdeepening area, volume and impact hazard for the larger potential lakes. We detect 25 285 overdeepenings larger than 104 m2 with a volume of 99.1 ± 28.6 km3 covering an area of 2683 ± 773.8 km2. For the 2700 overdeepenings larger than 105 m2, we assess the lake predisposition for mass-movement impacts that could trigger a GLOF by estimating the hazard of material detaching from surrounding slopes. Our findings indicate a shift in lake area, volume and GLOF hazard from the southwestern Himalayan region toward the Karakoram. The results of this study can be used for anticipating emerging threats and potentials connected to glacial lakes and as a basis for further studies at suspected GLOF hazard hotspots.
Wilhelm Furian; David Loibl; Christoph Schneider. Future glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia: an inventory and assessment of hazard potential from surrounding slopes. Journal of Glaciology 2021, 1 -18.
AMA StyleWilhelm Furian, David Loibl, Christoph Schneider. Future glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia: an inventory and assessment of hazard potential from surrounding slopes. Journal of Glaciology. 2021; ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilhelm Furian; David Loibl; Christoph Schneider. 2021. "Future glacial lakes in High Mountain Asia: an inventory and assessment of hazard potential from surrounding slopes." Journal of Glaciology , no. : 1-18.
Cordillera Darwin in Tierra del Fuego (Chile) remains one of the least studied glaciated regions in the world. However, this region being one of very few terrestrial sites at this latitude in the Southern Hemisphere has the potential to provide key information on the effect of climate variability and climate change on the cryosphere at sub-polar mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Schiaparelli Glacier is located at the northern side of the Cordillera Darwin draining the north side of Monte Sarmiento (2187 m a.s.l.). Despite being one of the largest glaciers in the Cordillera Darwin, no previous in situ observation of its ice thickness had been made either at this glacier or at any other location in the Cordillera Darwin. Ice thickness is one of the fundamental parameters to understand glacier dynamics, constrain ice dynamical modelling, and predict glacier evolution. In April 2016 we performed the first successful ice thickness measurements using terrestrial ground-penetrating radar in the ablation area of Schiaparelli Glacier (Gacitúa et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.919331). The measurements were made along a transect line perpendicular to the ice flow. Results show a valley-shaped bedrock with a maximum ice thickness of 324 m within a distinct glacier trough. The bedrock is located below current sea level for 51 % of the transect measurements with a minimum of −158 m, which illustrates that the local topography is subject to considerable glacier-related over-deepening.
Guisella Gacitúa; Christoph Schneider; Jorge Arigony; Inti González; Ricardo Jaña; Gino Casassa. First ice thickness measurements in Tierra del Fuego at Schiaparelli Glacier, Chile. Earth System Science Data 2021, 13, 231 -236.
AMA StyleGuisella Gacitúa, Christoph Schneider, Jorge Arigony, Inti González, Ricardo Jaña, Gino Casassa. First ice thickness measurements in Tierra del Fuego at Schiaparelli Glacier, Chile. Earth System Science Data. 2021; 13 (2):231-236.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuisella Gacitúa; Christoph Schneider; Jorge Arigony; Inti González; Ricardo Jaña; Gino Casassa. 2021. "First ice thickness measurements in Tierra del Fuego at Schiaparelli Glacier, Chile." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 2: 231-236.
Originating in the Tian Shan mountains, Urumqi River plays a key role in terms of water supply to downstream areas. In its headwaters, Urumqi Glacier No. 1 (UG1) is the largest glacier contributing to water discharge. Assessing its response to the changing climatic conditions in the area is of major importance to quantify future water availability. We here apply COSIPY, a COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass balance model in PYthon, to UG1, implementing a new albedo parameterization which integrates site-specific bare-ice albedo values on a pixel-by-pixel basis observed by remote sensing. We assess model performance threefold: quantitatively based on long-term measurement data of (1) surface mass balance (SMB) and (2) water discharge as well as qualitatively (3) comparing simulated snow line altitudes to such imated on the basis of time-lapse photography. Comparison of the modeled SMB with annually-averaged data from ablation stakes reveals that COSIPY including the new albedo parameterization accounts for 57.6% of the variance observed in the measurements. The original albedo parameterization performs only slightly inferior (57.1%). Glacier-wide comparison between modeled and glaciological SMB shows high agreement. In terms of discharge prediction, COSIPY reproduces onset and duration of the discharge season well. Estimated discharge from the whole catchment shows shortcomings in exactly matching the measured times series, but interannual variability is captured.
Kira Thiel; Anselm Arndt; Puyu Wang; Huilin Li; Zhongqin Li; Christoph Schneider. Modeling of Mass Balance Variability and Its Impact on Water Discharge from the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 Catchment, Tian Shan, China. Water 2020, 12, 3297 .
AMA StyleKira Thiel, Anselm Arndt, Puyu Wang, Huilin Li, Zhongqin Li, Christoph Schneider. Modeling of Mass Balance Variability and Its Impact on Water Discharge from the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 Catchment, Tian Shan, China. Water. 2020; 12 (12):3297.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKira Thiel; Anselm Arndt; Puyu Wang; Huilin Li; Zhongqin Li; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Modeling of Mass Balance Variability and Its Impact on Water Discharge from the Urumqi Glacier No. 1 Catchment, Tian Shan, China." Water 12, no. 12: 3297.
Precipitation is a central quantity of hydrometeorological research and applications. Especially in complex terrain, such as in High Mountain Asia (HMA), surface precipitation observations are scarce. Gridded precipitation products are one way to overcome the limitations of ground truth observations. They can provide datasets continuous in both space and time. However, there are many products available, which use various methods for data generation and lead to different precipitation values. In our study we compare nine different gridded precipitation products from different origins (ERA5, ERA5-Land, ERA-interim, HAR v2 10 km, HAR v2 2 km, JRA-55, MERRA-2, GPCC and PRETIP) over a subregion of the Central Himalaya and the Southwest Tibetan Plateau, from May to September 2017. Total spatially averaged precipitation over the study period ranged from 411 mm (GPCC) to 781 mm (ERA-Interim) with a mean value of 623 mm and a standard deviation of 132 mm. We found that the gridded products and the few observations, with few exceptions, are consistent among each other regarding precipitation variability and rough amount within the study area. It became obvious that higher grid resolution can resolve extreme precipitation much better, leading to overall lower mean precipitation spatially, but higher extreme precipitation events. We also found that generally high terrain complexity leads to larger differences in the amount of precipitation between products. Due to the considerable differences between products in space and time, we suggest carefully selecting the product used as input for any research application based on the type of application and specific research question. While coarse products such as eraInterim or era5 that cover long periods but have coarse grid resolution have previously shown to be able to capture long-term trends and help with identifying climate change features, this study suggests that more regional applications, such as glacier mass-balance modeling, require higher spatial resolution, as is reproduced, for example, in HAR v2 10 km.
Alexandra Hamm; Anselm Arndt; Christine Kolbe; Xun Wang; Boris Thies; Oleksiy Boyko; Paolo Reggiani; Dieter Scherer; Jörg Bendix; Christoph Schneider. Intercomparison of Gridded Precipitation Datasets over a Sub-Region of the Central Himalaya and the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Water 2020, 12, 3271 .
AMA StyleAlexandra Hamm, Anselm Arndt, Christine Kolbe, Xun Wang, Boris Thies, Oleksiy Boyko, Paolo Reggiani, Dieter Scherer, Jörg Bendix, Christoph Schneider. Intercomparison of Gridded Precipitation Datasets over a Sub-Region of the Central Himalaya and the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3271.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexandra Hamm; Anselm Arndt; Christine Kolbe; Xun Wang; Boris Thies; Oleksiy Boyko; Paolo Reggiani; Dieter Scherer; Jörg Bendix; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Intercomparison of Gridded Precipitation Datasets over a Sub-Region of the Central Himalaya and the Southwestern Tibetan Plateau." Water 12, no. 11: 3271.
Glacier changes are a vivid example of how environmental systems react to a changing climate. Distributed surface mass balance models, which translate the meteorological conditions on glaciers into local melting rates, help to attribute and detect glacier mass and volume responses to changes in the climate drivers. A well-calibrated model is a suitable test bed for sensitivity, detection, and attribution analyses for many scientific applications and often serves as a tool for quantifying the inherent uncertainties. Here, we present the open-source COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass balance model in PYthon (COSIPY), which provides a flexible and user-friendly framework for modeling distributed snow and glacier mass changes. The model has a modular structure so that the exchange of routines or parameterizations of physical processes is possible with little effort for the user. The framework consists of a computational kernel, which forms the runtime environment and takes care of the initialization, the input–output routines, and the parallelization, as well as the grid and data structures. This structure offers maximum flexibility without having to worry about the internal numerical flow. The adaptive subsurface scheme allows an efficient and fast calculation of the otherwise computationally demanding fundamental equations. The surface energy balance scheme uses established standard parameterizations for radiation as well as for the energy exchange between atmosphere and surface. The schemes are coupled by solving both surface energy balance and subsurface fluxes iteratively such that consistent surface skin temperature is returned at the interface. COSIPY uses a one-dimensional approach limited to the vertical fluxes of energy and matter but neglects any lateral processes. Accordingly, the model can be easily set up in parallel computational environments for calculating both energy balance and climatic surface mass balance of glacier surfaces based on flexible horizontal grids and with varying temporal resolution. The model is made available on a freely accessible site and can be used for non-profit purposes. Scientists are encouraged to actively participate in the extension and improvement of the model code.
Tobias Sauter; Anselm Arndt; Christoph Schneider. COSIPY v1.3 – an open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model. Geoscientific Model Development 2020, 13, 5645 -5662.
AMA StyleTobias Sauter, Anselm Arndt, Christoph Schneider. COSIPY v1.3 – an open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model. Geoscientific Model Development. 2020; 13 (11):5645-5662.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTobias Sauter; Anselm Arndt; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "COSIPY v1.3 – an open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 11: 5645-5662.
In this study, energy and mass balance is quantified using an energy balance model to represent the glacier melt of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tian Shan. Based on data from an Automatic Weather Station (4025 m a.s.l) and the mass balance field survey data nearby on the East Branch of the glacier, the “COupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and Mass balance model” (COSIMA) was used to derive energy and mass balance simulations during the ablation season of 2018. Results show that the modeled cumulative mass balance (−0.67 ± 0.03 m w.e.) agrees well with the in-situ measurements (−0.64 ± 0.16 m w.e.) (r2 = 0.96) with the relative difference within 5% during the study period. The correlation coefficient between modeled and observed surface temperatures is 0.88 for daily means. The main source of melt energy at the glacier surface is net shortwave radiation (84%) and sensible heat flux (16%). The energy expenditures are from net longwave radiation (55%), heat flux for snow/ice melting (32%), latent heat flux of sublimation and evaporation (7%), and subsurface heat flux (6%). The sensitivity testing of mass balance shows that mass balance is more sensitive to temperature increase and precipitation decrease than temperature decrease and precipitation increase.
Puyu Wang; Zhongqin Li; Christoph Schneider; Hongliang Li; Alexandra Hamm; Shuang Jin; Chunhai Xu; Huilin Li; Xiaoying Yue; Min Yang. A Test Study of an Energy and Mass Balance Model Application to a Site on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tian Shan. Water 2020, 12, 2865 .
AMA StylePuyu Wang, Zhongqin Li, Christoph Schneider, Hongliang Li, Alexandra Hamm, Shuang Jin, Chunhai Xu, Huilin Li, Xiaoying Yue, Min Yang. A Test Study of an Energy and Mass Balance Model Application to a Site on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tian Shan. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2865.
Chicago/Turabian StylePuyu Wang; Zhongqin Li; Christoph Schneider; Hongliang Li; Alexandra Hamm; Shuang Jin; Chunhai Xu; Huilin Li; Xiaoying Yue; Min Yang. 2020. "A Test Study of an Energy and Mass Balance Model Application to a Site on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Chinese Tian Shan." Water 12, no. 10: 2865.
We report the ability of an urban canopy model, coupled with a regional climate model, to simulate energy fluxes, the intra-urban variability of air temperature, urban-heat-island characteristics, indoor temperature variation, as well as anthropogenic heat emissions, in Berlin, Germany. A building energy model is implemented into the Double Canyon Effect Parametrization, which is coupled with the mesoscale climate model COSMO-CLM (COnsortium for Small-scale MOdelling in CLimate Mode) and takes into account heat generation within buildings and calculates the heat transfer between buildings and the urban atmosphere. The enhanced coupled urban model is applied in two simulations of 24-day duration for a winter and a summer period in 2018 in Berlin, using downscaled reanalysis data to a final grid spacing of 1 km. Model results are evaluated with observations of radiative and turbulent energy fluxes, 2-m air temperature, and indoor air temperature. The evaluation indicates that the improved model reproduces the diurnal characteristics of the observed turbulent heat fluxes, and considerably improves the simulated 2-m air temperature and urban heat island in winter, compared with the simulation without the building energy model. Our set-up also estimates the spatio–temporal variation of wintertime energy consumption due to heating with canyon geometry. The potential to save energy due to the urban heat island only becomes evident when comparing a suburban site with an urban site after applying the same grid-cell values for building and street widths. In summer, the model realistically reproduces the indoor air temperature and its temporal variation.
Luxi Jin; Sebastian Schubert; Daniel Fenner; Fred Meier; Christoph Schneider. Integration of a Building Energy Model in an Urban Climate Model and its Application. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 2020, 178, 249 -281.
AMA StyleLuxi Jin, Sebastian Schubert, Daniel Fenner, Fred Meier, Christoph Schneider. Integration of a Building Energy Model in an Urban Climate Model and its Application. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 2020; 178 (2):249-281.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuxi Jin; Sebastian Schubert; Daniel Fenner; Fred Meier; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Integration of a Building Energy Model in an Urban Climate Model and its Application." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 178, no. 2: 249-281.
Cordillera Darwin in Tierra del Fuego (Chile) remains one of the least studied glaciated regions in the world. However, this region being one of very few terrestrial sites at this latitude in the Southern Hemisphere has the potential to provide key information on the effect of climate variability and climate change on the cryosphere at sub-polar mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. Glacier Schiaparelli is located at the northern side of the Cordillera Darwin draining the north side of Monte Sarmiento (2187 m asl). Despite being one of the largest glaciers in the Cordillera Darwin no previous in situ observation of its ice thickness had been made neither at this glacier nor at any other location in the Cordillera Darwin. Ice thickness is one of the fundamental parameters to understand glaciers dynamics, constrain ice dynamical modelling and predict glacier evolution. In April 2016 we performed the first successful ice thickness measurements using terrestrial ground- penetrating radar in the ablation area of Glacier Schiaparelli (Gacitúa et al., 2020), https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.919331. The measurements were made along a transect line perpendicular to the ice flow. Results show a valley shaped bedrock with a maximum ice thickness of 324 m within a distinct glacier trough. The bedrock is located below current sea level for 51 % of the transect measurements with a minimum of −158 m which illustrates that the local topography is subject to considerable glacier-related over-deepening.
Guisella Gacitúa; Christoph Schneider; Jorge Arigony; Inti González; Ricardo Jaña; Gino Casassa. First ice thickness measurements in Tierra del Fuego at Glacier Schiaparelli, Chile. 2020, 2020, 1 -8.
AMA StyleGuisella Gacitúa, Christoph Schneider, Jorge Arigony, Inti González, Ricardo Jaña, Gino Casassa. First ice thickness measurements in Tierra del Fuego at Glacier Schiaparelli, Chile. . 2020; 2020 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuisella Gacitúa; Christoph Schneider; Jorge Arigony; Inti González; Ricardo Jaña; Gino Casassa. 2020. "First ice thickness measurements in Tierra del Fuego at Glacier Schiaparelli, Chile." 2020, no. : 1-8.
Including radiative transfer processes within the urban canopy layer into microscale urban climate models (UCMs) is essential to obtain realistic model results. These processes include the interaction of buildings and vegetation with shortwave and longwave radiation, thermal emission, and radiation reflections. They contribute differently to the radiation budget of urban surfaces. Each process requires different computational resources and physical data for the urban elements. This study investigates how much detail modellers should include to parameterise radiative transfer in microscale building resolving UCMs. To that end, we introduce a stepwise parameterization method to the the PALM model system 6.0 to quantify individually the effects of the main radiative transfer processes on the radiation budget and on the flow field. We quantify numerical simulations of both simple and realistic urban configurations to identify the radiative transfer processes which have major effects on the radiation budget, such as surface and vegetation interaction with short wave and long wave radiation, and those which have minor effects, such as multiple reflections. The study also shows that radiative transfer processes within the canopy layer implicitly affect the incoming radiation since the radiative transfer model is coupled to the radiation model. The flow field changes considerably in response to the radiative transfer processes included in the model. The study highlights those processes which are essentially needed to assure acceptable quality of the flow field. Omitting any of these processes may lead to high uncertainties in the model results.
Mohamed H. Salim; Sebastian Schubert; Jaroslav Resler; Pavel Krč; Björn Maronga; Farah Kanani-Sühring; Matthias Sühring; Christoph Schneider. Importance of radiative transfer processes in urban climate models: A study based on the PALM model system 6.0. 2020, 1 -55.
AMA StyleMohamed H. Salim, Sebastian Schubert, Jaroslav Resler, Pavel Krč, Björn Maronga, Farah Kanani-Sühring, Matthias Sühring, Christoph Schneider. Importance of radiative transfer processes in urban climate models: A study based on the PALM model system 6.0. . 2020; ():1-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed H. Salim; Sebastian Schubert; Jaroslav Resler; Pavel Krč; Björn Maronga; Farah Kanani-Sühring; Matthias Sühring; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Importance of radiative transfer processes in urban climate models: A study based on the PALM model system 6.0." , no. : 1-55.
The Cordillera Darwin Icefield loses mass at a similar rate as the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields, showing contrasting individual glacier responses, particularly between the north-facing and south-facing glaciers, which are subject to changing climate conditions. Detailed investigations of climatic mass balance processes on recent glacier behavior are not available for glaciers of the Cordillera Darwin Icefield and surrounding icefields. We therefore applied the coupled snow and ice energy and mass balance model in Python (COSIPY) to assess recent surface energy and mass balance variability for the Schiaparelli Glacier at the Monte Sarmiento Massif. We further used COSIPY to simulate steady-state glacier conditions during the Little Ice Age using information of moraine systems and glacier areal extent. The model is driven by downscaled 6-hourly atmospheric data and high resolution precipitation fields, obtained by using an analytical orographic precipitation model. Precipitation and air temperature offsets to present-day climate were considered to reconstruct climatic conditions during the Little Ice Age. A glacier-wide mean annual climatic mass balance of −1.8 ± 0.36 m w.e. a − 1 was simulated between between April 2000 and March 2017. An air temperature decrease between −0.9 ∘ C and −1.7 ∘ C in combination with a precipitation offset of up to +60% to recent climate conditions is necessary to simulate steady-state conditions for Schiaparelli Glacier in 1870.
Stephanie Weidemann; Jorge Arigony-Neto; Ricardo Jaña; Guilherme Netto; Inti Gonzalez; Gino Casassa; Christoph Schneider. Recent Climatic Mass Balance of the Schiaparelli Glacier at the Monte Sarmiento Massif and Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Climate by Simulating Steady-State Glacier Conditions. Geosciences 2020, 10, 272 .
AMA StyleStephanie Weidemann, Jorge Arigony-Neto, Ricardo Jaña, Guilherme Netto, Inti Gonzalez, Gino Casassa, Christoph Schneider. Recent Climatic Mass Balance of the Schiaparelli Glacier at the Monte Sarmiento Massif and Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Climate by Simulating Steady-State Glacier Conditions. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (7):272.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephanie Weidemann; Jorge Arigony-Neto; Ricardo Jaña; Guilherme Netto; Inti Gonzalez; Gino Casassa; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Recent Climatic Mass Balance of the Schiaparelli Glacier at the Monte Sarmiento Massif and Reconstruction of Little Ice Age Climate by Simulating Steady-State Glacier Conditions." Geosciences 10, no. 7: 272.
Understanding the effects of socio-ecological shocks on land use/land cover (LULC) change is essential for developing land management strategies and for reducing adverse environmental pressures. Our study examines the impacts of the armed conflict in Syria, which began in mid-2011, and the related social and economic crisis on LULC between 2010 and 2018. We used remote sensing for change detection by applying a supervised maximum likelihood classification to Landsat images of the three target years 2010, 2014, and 2018. Based on the computed extent of our LULC classes and accuracy assessment, we calculated area-adjusted estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Our classification achieved an overall accuracy of 86.4%. Compared to 2010, we found an increase in spatial extent for bare areas (40,011 km2), forests (2576 km2), and urban and peri-urban areas (3560 km2), whereas rangelands (37,005 km2) and cultivated areas (9425 km2) decreased by 2018. It is not possible to determine whether the changes in LULC in Syria will be permanent or temporary. Natural conditions such as climate fluctuations had an impact on the uses of the natural environment and cultivated areas during the study period, especially in regions suffering from water stress. Although seasonal precipitation patterns and temperature affect LULC change, however, we could not identify a prevailing climate trend towards more drought-prone conditions. Our analysis focuses on (potential) direct and indirect implications of the Syrian conflict on LULC change, which most notably occurred between 2014 and 2018. Conflict-related main drivers were human activities and demographic changes, which are mainly attributable to large-scale population displacement, military operations, concomitant socio-economic status, and control of local resources. As the study provides quantitative and qualitative information on the dynamics of LULC changes in Syria, it may serve as a framework for further relevant conflict-related research and support planning, management practices, and sustainable development.
Mohamed Ali Mohamed; Julian Anders; Christoph Schneider. Monitoring of Changes in Land Use/Land Cover in Syria from 2010 to 2018 Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery and GIS. Land 2020, 9, 226 .
AMA StyleMohamed Ali Mohamed, Julian Anders, Christoph Schneider. Monitoring of Changes in Land Use/Land Cover in Syria from 2010 to 2018 Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery and GIS. Land. 2020; 9 (7):226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed Ali Mohamed; Julian Anders; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Monitoring of Changes in Land Use/Land Cover in Syria from 2010 to 2018 Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery and GIS." Land 9, no. 7: 226.
This study investigates the effect of anthropogenic heat emissions from air conditioning systems (AC) on air temperature and AC energy consumption in Berlin, Germany. We conduct simulations applying the model system CCLM/DCEP-BEM, a coupled system of the mesoscale climate model COSMO-CLM (CCLM) and the urban Double Canyon Effect Parameterization scheme with a building energy model (DCEP-BEM), for a summer period of 2018. The DCEP-BEM model is designed to explicitly compute the anthropogenic heat emissions from urban buildings and the heat flux transfer between buildings and the atmosphere. We investigate two locations where the AC outdoor units are installed: either on the wall of a building (VerAC) or on the rooftop of a building (HorAC). AC waste heat emissions considerably increase the near-surface air temperature. Compared to a reference scenario without AC systems, the VerAC scenario with a target indoor temperature of 22 ∘ C results in a temperature increase of up to 0 . 6 K . The increase is more pronounced during the night and for urban areas. The effect of HorAC on air temperature is overall smaller than in VerAC. With the target indoor temperature of 22 ∘ C , an urban site’s daily average AC energy consumption per floor area of a room is 9 . 1 W / m 2 , which is 35% more than that of a suburban site. This energy-saving results from the urban heat island effect and different building parameters between both sits. The maximum AC energy consumption occurs in the afternoon. When the target indoor temperature rises, the AC energy consumption decreases at a rate of about 16% per 2 K change in indoor temperature. The nighttime near-surface temperature in VerAC scenarios shows a declining trend ( 0 . 06 K per 2 K change) with increasing target indoor temperature. This feature is not obvious in HorAC scenarios which further confirms that HorAC has a smaller impact on near-surface air temperature.
Luxi Jin; Sebastian Schubert; Mohamed Hefny Salim; Christoph Schneider. Impact of Air Conditioning Systems on the Outdoor Thermal Environment during Summer in Berlin, Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4645 .
AMA StyleLuxi Jin, Sebastian Schubert, Mohamed Hefny Salim, Christoph Schneider. Impact of Air Conditioning Systems on the Outdoor Thermal Environment during Summer in Berlin, Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (13):4645.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuxi Jin; Sebastian Schubert; Mohamed Hefny Salim; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Impact of Air Conditioning Systems on the Outdoor Thermal Environment during Summer in Berlin, Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4645.
Editorial: Climate Impacts on Glaciers and Biosphere in Fuego-Patagonia
Christoph Schneider; Matthias Holger Braun; Marius Schaefer; Jussi Grießinger; Gino Casassa. Editorial: Climate Impacts on Glaciers and Biosphere in Fuego-Patagonia. Frontiers in Earth Science 2020, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleChristoph Schneider, Matthias Holger Braun, Marius Schaefer, Jussi Grießinger, Gino Casassa. Editorial: Climate Impacts on Glaciers and Biosphere in Fuego-Patagonia. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2020; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Schneider; Matthias Holger Braun; Marius Schaefer; Jussi Grießinger; Gino Casassa. 2020. "Editorial: Climate Impacts on Glaciers and Biosphere in Fuego-Patagonia." Frontiers in Earth Science 8, no. : 1.
Antarctica is well known to be highly susceptible to atmospheric and oceanic warming. However, due to the lack of long-term and in situ meteorological observations, little is known about the magnitude of the warming and the meteorological conditions in the intersection region between the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) and the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). Here we present new stable water isotope data (δ18O, δD, d excess) and accumulation rates from firn cores in the Union Glacier (UG) region, located in the Ellsworth Mountains at the northern edge of the WAIS. The firn core stable oxygen isotopes and the d excess exhibit no statistically significant trend for the period 1980–2014, suggesting that regional changes in near-surface air temperature and moisture source variability have been small during the last 35 years. Backward trajectory modelling revealed the Weddell Sea sector, Coats Land and Dronning Maud Land (DML) to be the main moisture source regions for the study site throughout the year. We found that mean annual δ18O (δD) values in the UG region are negatively correlated with sea ice concentrations (SICs) in the northern Weddell Sea but not influenced by large-scale modes of climate variability such as the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Only mean annual d-excess values show a weak positive correlation with the SAM. On average annual snow accumulation in the UG region amounts to 0.245 m w.e. a−1 in 1980–2014 and has slightly decreased during this period. It is only weakly related to sea ice conditions in the Weddell Sea sector and not correlated with SAM and ENSO. We conclude that neither the rapid warming nor the large increases in snow accumulation observed on the AP and in West Antarctica during the last decades have extended inland to the Ellsworth Mountains. Hence, the UG region, although located at the northern edge of the WAIS and relatively close to the AP, exhibits rather stable climate characteristics similar to those observed in East Antarctica.
Kirstin Hoffmann; Francisco Fernandoy; Hanno Meyer; Elizabeth R. Thomas; Marcelo Aliaga; Dieter Tetzner; Johannes Freitag; Thomas Opel; Jorge Arigony-Neto; Christian Florian Göbel; Ricardo Jaña; Delia Rodríguez Oroz; Rebecca Tuckwell; Emily Ludlow; Joseph R. McConnell; Christoph Schneider. Stable water isotopes and accumulation rates in the Union Glacier region, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica, over the last 35 years. The Cryosphere 2020, 14, 881 -904.
AMA StyleKirstin Hoffmann, Francisco Fernandoy, Hanno Meyer, Elizabeth R. Thomas, Marcelo Aliaga, Dieter Tetzner, Johannes Freitag, Thomas Opel, Jorge Arigony-Neto, Christian Florian Göbel, Ricardo Jaña, Delia Rodríguez Oroz, Rebecca Tuckwell, Emily Ludlow, Joseph R. McConnell, Christoph Schneider. Stable water isotopes and accumulation rates in the Union Glacier region, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica, over the last 35 years. The Cryosphere. 2020; 14 (3):881-904.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKirstin Hoffmann; Francisco Fernandoy; Hanno Meyer; Elizabeth R. Thomas; Marcelo Aliaga; Dieter Tetzner; Johannes Freitag; Thomas Opel; Jorge Arigony-Neto; Christian Florian Göbel; Ricardo Jaña; Delia Rodríguez Oroz; Rebecca Tuckwell; Emily Ludlow; Joseph R. McConnell; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "Stable water isotopes and accumulation rates in the Union Glacier region, Ellsworth Mountains, West Antarctica, over the last 35 years." The Cryosphere 14, no. 3: 881-904.
Supraglacial deposits of tephra or volcaniclastics have the potential to cause significant anomalies of glacier ablation and runoff. The intensity of these anomalies is governed by the thermal resistivity of the covering layer and hence the thermal conductivity of the deposited grains. This study concentrates on causal and quantitative relationships between density, geochemical composition and thermal conductivity of volcanic materials based on the analysis of 43 samples from locations across Iceland. Thermal conductivity is primarily influenced by density, whereas geochemical composition has been proved to be of subsidiary importance. Four different multiple regression models were calibrated that calculate the grain thermal conductivity of a volcanic material based on rock properties and geochemical composition. In a subsequent step, the bulk thermal conductivity of the respective deposit is calculated as a function of porosity and degree of water saturation. Examples using volcanic material from the Eyjafjallajökull 2010 and Grímsvötn 2011 eruptions confirm that the presented calculation scheme can be executed using only limited geochemical data as input. This facilitates an easy application of the modeling scheme immediately after a volcanic eruption.
Rebecca Möller; Wolfgang Römer; Marco Möller; Uwe Wollenberg; Frank Lehmkuhl; Christoph Schneider; Peter A. Kukla. Thermal conductivity of supraglacial volcanic deposits in Iceland. International Journal of Earth Sciences 2020, 109, 569 -585.
AMA StyleRebecca Möller, Wolfgang Römer, Marco Möller, Uwe Wollenberg, Frank Lehmkuhl, Christoph Schneider, Peter A. Kukla. Thermal conductivity of supraglacial volcanic deposits in Iceland. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 2020; 109 (2):569-585.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRebecca Möller; Wolfgang Römer; Marco Möller; Uwe Wollenberg; Frank Lehmkuhl; Christoph Schneider; Peter A. Kukla. 2020. "Thermal conductivity of supraglacial volcanic deposits in Iceland." International Journal of Earth Sciences 109, no. 2: 569-585.
Glacial changes play a key role both from a socio-economical and political, and scientific point of view. The identification and the understanding of the nature of these changes still poses fundamental challenges for climate, glacier and water research. Many studies aim to identify the climatic drivers behind the observed glacial changes using distributed surface mass and energy balance models. Distributed surface mass balance models, which translate the meteorological conditions on glaciers into local melting rates, thus offer the possibility to attribute and detect glacier mass and volume responses to changes in the climatic forcings. A well calibrated model is a suitable test-bed for sensitivity, detection and attribution analyses for many scientific applications and often serves as a tool for quantifying the inherent uncertainties. Here we present the open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model in Python COSIPY, which provides a lean, flexible and user-friendly framework for modelling distributed snow and glacier mass changes. The model has a modular structure so that the exchange of routines or parameterizations of physical processes is possible with little effort for the user. The model has a modular structure so that the exchange of routines or parameterizations of physical processes is possible with little effort for the user. The framework consists of a computational kernel, which forms the runtime environment and takes care of the initialization, the input-output routines, the parallelization as well as the grid and data structures. This structure offers maximum flexibility without having to worry about the internal numerical flow. The adaptive sub-surface scheme allows an efficient and fast calculation of the otherwise computationally demanding fundamental equations. The surface energy-balance scheme uses established standard parameterizations for radiation as well as for the energy exchange between atmosphere and surface. The schemes are coupled by solving both surface energy balance and subsurface fluxes iteratively in such that consistent surface skin temperature is returned at the interface. COSIPY uses a one-dimensional approach limited to the vertical fluxes of energy and matter but neglects any lateral processes. Accordingly, the model can be easily set up in parallel computational environments for calculating both energy balance and climatic surface mass balance of glacier surfaces based on flexible horizontal grids and with varying temporal resolution. The model is made available on a freely accessible site and can be used for non-profit purposes. Scientists are encouraged to actively participate in the extension and improvement of the model code.
Tobias Sauter; Anselm Arndt; Christoph Schneider. COSIPY v1.2 – An open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleTobias Sauter, Anselm Arndt, Christoph Schneider. COSIPY v1.2 – An open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTobias Sauter; Anselm Arndt; Christoph Schneider. 2020. "COSIPY v1.2 – An open-source coupled snowpack and ice surface energy and mass balance model." , no. : 1.