전통적인 항해계획 수립 방식은 선원의 경험에 대한 의존도가 높고 정보 수집과 검토에 많은 시간이 걸린다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 단점은 항해계획 수립 시 타 선박들이 많이 사용하는 항로를 참조함으로써 일부 보완될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 단점의 보완을 목적으로 PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization) 알고리즘에 기반하여 AIS(Automatic Identification System) 데이터로부터 많은 선박들이 보편적으로 사용하는 선박항로 패턴을 추출하는 방식을 제안한다. 그리고 실제 수집된 AIS 데이터로부터 선박항로 패턴을 추출하는 실험을 수행하고, 추출된 선박항로 패턴과 지정항로를 해도 상에 표기하고 비교함으로써 그 정확성을 평가하였다. 그 결과 제안된 방식을 통해 정확한 선박항로의 추출이 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다.

The Effect of Learning Module Using, Cognitive Conflict Strategies on Secondary Pre-service Science Teachers Conceptual Change about Tide misconceptions of tide;learning module;conceptual change of tide;cognitive conflict strategy; The purpose of this study was to investigate secondary pre-service science teachers' misconceptions of tide and to develop a learning module that can change misconceptions into scientific concepts and to examine the effect of the learning module for conceptual change. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, the researcher developed the test tool of tidal phenomena and the learning module using cognitive conflict strategy. The subjects of this study were 40 first year students who majored science education at a college of education in G metropolitan city. The results of this study are as follows. First, secondary pre-service science teachers had various misconceptions about tidal phenomena. Second, the developed learning module was effective in changing misconceptions about tide of pre-service science teachers into scientific concepts. However, some students had misconceptions about tidal phenomena after learning the developed module. The typical misconception was that they could not distinguish the centrifugal force generated when the earth and the moon revolve about the center of common mass as the center of rotation and the centrifugal force generated by the earth's rotation. And they did not know that they should not consider the earth's rotation while the earth was revolving around the center of common mass.

Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASSs) require methods for translating system-theoretic hazards into structured and traceable inputs for subsequent scenario-based safety assessment, particularly under degraded operating conditions. This study structured 92 loss scenarios (LSs) previously derived through System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) into a representative scenario framework while preserving traceability to the source hazard analysis. A three-round Delphi process involving 10 domain experts was used to group the LSs, refine overlapping categories, and evaluate the resulting framework. Round 1 produced 13 provisional categories, which were consolidated in Round 2 into 10 Representative Scenario Domains (RSDs). Each LS was assigned to one primary RSD as a traceability anchor rather than as a claim of single causality, while cross-domain interactions were represented through a separate concurrent-degradation construction layer. In Round 3, all RSDs achieved median ratings of at least 4 for name appropriateness, definition clarity, and scenario fit, with agreement proportions of 0.80 to 1.00; framework-level agreement ranged from 0.80 to 0.90. The framework provides a structured intermediate layer between STPA-derived loss scenarios and subsequent safety-assessment scenario specification. The findings support expert-based content validation rather than empirical simulator effectiveness; independent reproducibility assessment and simulator-based validation therefore remain necessary subsequent steps.