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Dr. Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema
PMAS Arid Agriculture University

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0 Precision Agriculture
0 hydrological modeling
0 Precision and Digital Agriculture
0 Water Resources Management.
0 Remote sensing & GIS applications in Agriculture and Forestry

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Remote sensing & GIS applications in Agriculture and Forestry

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Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Sustainability
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The energy crisis and increasing fossil fuel prices due to increasing demands, controlled supplies, and global political unrest have adversely affected agricultural productivity and farm profitability across the globe and Pakistan is not an exception. To cope with this issue of energy deficiency in agriculture, the best alternate strategy is to take advantage of biomass and solid waste potential. In low-income countries such as Pakistan, the greenhouse heating system mostly relies on fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and LPG. Farmers are reluctant to adopt greenhouse farming due to the continuously rising prices of the fossil fuels. To reduce reliance on fossil fuel energy, the objective of this study was to utilize biomass from crop residues to develop an efficient and economical biomass furnace that could heat greenhouses to protect the crop from seasonal temperature effects. Modifications made to the biomass furnace, such as the incorporation of insulation around the walls of the furnace, providing turbulators in fire tubes, and a secondary heat exchanger (heat recovery system) in the chimney, have increased the thermal efficiency of the biomass furnace by about 21.7%. A drastic reduction in hazardous elements of flue gases was observed due to the addition of a water scrubber smoke filter in the exit line of the flue. The efficiency of the biomass furnace ranged from 50.42% to 54.18%, whereas the heating efficiency of the diesel-fired heater was 71.19%. On the basis of the equal heating value of the fuels, the unit material and operating costs of the biomass furnace for wood, cotton stalks, corn cobs, and cow dung were USD 2.04, 1.86, 1.78, and 2.00 respectively against USD 4.67/h for the diesel heater. The capital and operating costs of the biomass furnace were about 50% and 43.7% of the diesel heater respectively, resulting in a seasonal saving of about 1573 USD. The produced smoke was tested as environmental friendly under the prescribed limits of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), which shows potential for its large-scale adoption and wider applications.

ACS Style

Asif Ali; Tahir Iqbal; Muhammad Cheema; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Yasin; Zia Haq; Arshad Malik; Khalid Khan. Development of a Low-Cost Biomass Furnace for Greenhouse Heating. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5152 .

AMA Style

Asif Ali, Tahir Iqbal, Muhammad Cheema, Arslan Afzal, Muhammad Yasin, Zia Haq, Arshad Malik, Khalid Khan. Development of a Low-Cost Biomass Furnace for Greenhouse Heating. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asif Ali; Tahir Iqbal; Muhammad Cheema; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Yasin; Zia Haq; Arshad Malik; Khalid Khan. 2021. "Development of a Low-Cost Biomass Furnace for Greenhouse Heating." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5152.

Journal article
Published: 16 April 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Understanding the basin-scale hydrology and the spatiotemporal distribution of regional precipitation requires high precision, as well as high-resolution precipitation data. We have made an attempt to develop an Integrated Downscaling and Calibration (IDAC) framework to generate high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) gridded precipitation data. Traditionally, GWR (Geographical weighted regression) model has widely been applied to generate high-resolution precipitation data for regional scales. The GWR model generally assumes a spatially varied relationships between precipitation and its associated environmental variables, however, the relationships need to remain constant (fixed) for some variables over space. In this study, a Mixed Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model, capable of dealing with the fixed and spatially varied environmental variables, is proposed to downscale the Original-TRMM precipitation data from a coarse resolution (0.25o × 0.25o) to a high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) for the period of 2000–2018 over the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Additionally, accuracy of the downscaled precipitation data was further improved by merging it with the recorded data from rain gauge stations (RGS) using two calibration approaches such as Geographical Ratio Analysis (GRA) and Geographical Difference Analysis (GDA). We found MGWR to perform better given its higher R2 and lower RMSE and bias values (R2 = 0.96; RMSE = 56.01 mm, bias = 0.014) in comparison to the GWR model (R2 = 0.95; RMSE = 60.76 mm, bias = 0.094). It was observed that the GDA and GRA calibrated-downscaled precipitation datasets were superior to the Original-TRMM, yet GRA outperformed GDA. Annual precipitation from downscaled and calibrated-downscaled datasets was further temporally downscaled to obtain high-resolution monthly and daily precipitations. The results revealed that the monthly-downscaled precipitation (R2 = 0.82, bias = −0.02 and RMSE = 11.93 mm/month) and the calibrated-downscaled (R2 = 0.89, bias = −0.006 and RMSE = 9.19 mm/month) series outperformed the Original-TRMM (R2 = 0.72, bias = 0.14 and RMSE = 19.8 mm/month) as compared to the RGS observations. The results of daily calibrated-downscaled precipitation (R2 = 0.79, bias = 0.001 and RMSE = 1.7 mm/day) were better than the Original-TRMM (R2 = 0.64, bias = − 0.12 and RMSE = 6.82 mm/day). In general, the proposed IDAC approach is suitable for retrieving high spatial resolution gridded data for annual, monthly, and daily time scales over the UIB with varying climate and complex topography.

ACS Style

Arfan Arshad; Wanchang Zhang; Zhijie Zhang; Shuhang Wang; Bo Zhang; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Masoud Jafari Shalamzari. Reconstructing high-resolution gridded precipitation data using an improved downscaling approach over the high altitude mountain regions of Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Science of The Total Environment 2021, 784, 147140 .

AMA Style

Arfan Arshad, Wanchang Zhang, Zhijie Zhang, Shuhang Wang, Bo Zhang, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Masoud Jafari Shalamzari. Reconstructing high-resolution gridded precipitation data using an improved downscaling approach over the high altitude mountain regions of Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 784 ():147140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arfan Arshad; Wanchang Zhang; Zhijie Zhang; Shuhang Wang; Bo Zhang; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Masoud Jafari Shalamzari. 2021. "Reconstructing high-resolution gridded precipitation data using an improved downscaling approach over the high altitude mountain regions of Upper Indus Basin (UIB)." Science of The Total Environment 784, no. : 147140.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2020 in Remote Sensing
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In this study, the performances of four satellite-based precipitation products (IMERG-V06 Final-Run, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2Rain-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR) were assessed with reference to the measurements of in-situ gauges at daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual scales from 2010 to 2017, over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan. The products were evaluated over the entire domain and at point-to-pixel scales. Different evaluation indices (Correlation Coefficient (CC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Bias, and relative Bias (rBias)) and categorical indices (False Alarm Ration (FAR), Critical Success Index (CSI), Success Ratio (SR), and Probability of Detection (POD)) were used to assess the performances of the products considered in this study. Our results indicated the following. (1) IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN capably tracked the spatio-temporal variation of precipitation over the studied region. (2) All satellite-based products were in better agreement with the reference data on the monthly scales than on daily time scales. (3) On seasonal scale, the precipitation detection skills of IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN-CDR were better than those of SM2Rain-ASCAT and TRMM-3B42V7. In all seasons, overall performance of IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN-CDR was better than TRMM-3B42V7 and SM2Rain-ASCAT. (4) However, all products were uncertain in detecting light and moderate precipitation events. Consequently, we recommend the use of IMERG-V06 and PERSIANN-CDR products for subsequent hydro-meteorological studies in the Hindu Kush range.

ACS Style

Ali Hamza; Muhammad Anjum; Muhammad Masud Cheema; Xi Chen; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Kamran Shafi; Aminjon Gulakhmadov. Assessment of IMERG-V06, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR Precipitation Products over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan, South Asia. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3871 .

AMA Style

Ali Hamza, Muhammad Anjum, Muhammad Masud Cheema, Xi Chen, Arslan Afzal, Muhammad Azam, Muhammad Kamran Shafi, Aminjon Gulakhmadov. Assessment of IMERG-V06, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR Precipitation Products over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan, South Asia. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (23):3871.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Hamza; Muhammad Anjum; Muhammad Masud Cheema; Xi Chen; Arslan Afzal; Muhammad Azam; Muhammad Kamran Shafi; Aminjon Gulakhmadov. 2020. "Assessment of IMERG-V06, TRMM-3B42V7, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and PERSIANN-CDR Precipitation Products over the Hindu Kush Mountains of Pakistan, South Asia." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23: 3871.

Concept paper
Published: 21 September 2020 in Applied System Innovation
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The world is facing a new challenge to overcome the pandemic disease of Coronavirus (COVID-19). An outbreak of COVID-19 to more than 213 countries and territories caused damage to the economy of every country. The proper vaccine to combat this pandemic disease is not invented yet. Due to the lockdown situation, there is a shortage of daily used products globally. To overcome the issue of food shortage and economic survival, the world has to ease the lockdown rules and become operational with the precautionary measures. COVID-19 has a fast transmission rate, therefore, while living with COVID-19, breaking the fast transmission chain of COVID-19 is the only vital solution. Furthermore, there is a dire need to disinfect every individual and his luggage at the entrance of every shopping mall, hospital, public and private institutions, bus stops, metro stations, and railway stations. Hence, the proposed walk-through gate (WTG) with different sensors, i.e., infrared thermal camera, UV disinfectant sensor, disinfectant spraying system, touch-less hand sanitizer, and box having a face mask with a dustbin to discard the previous mask can provide an effective and efficient relief. The world cannot stop working and cannot survive for more than 3–6 months in a lockdown, hence the proposed idea is to install the disinfectant automated spraying WTG with a security walk-through gate at every possible entrance to conform living with the COVID-19 disease such as many other diseases. Breaking the transmission chain is the only solution to win the battle against COVID-19 until an effective vaccine invention.

ACS Style

Saddam Hussain; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Saad Motahhir; Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal; Arfan Arshad; Muhammad Sohail Waqas; Muhammad Usman Khalid; Saba Malik. Proposed Design of Walk-Through Gate (WTG): Mitigating the Effect of COVID-19. Applied System Innovation 2020, 3, 41 .

AMA Style

Saddam Hussain, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Saad Motahhir, Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal, Arfan Arshad, Muhammad Sohail Waqas, Muhammad Usman Khalid, Saba Malik. Proposed Design of Walk-Through Gate (WTG): Mitigating the Effect of COVID-19. Applied System Innovation. 2020; 3 (3):41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saddam Hussain; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Saad Motahhir; Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal; Arfan Arshad; Muhammad Sohail Waqas; Muhammad Usman Khalid; Saba Malik. 2020. "Proposed Design of Walk-Through Gate (WTG): Mitigating the Effect of COVID-19." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 3: 41.

Journal article
Published: 27 August 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The frozen water reserves on the Earth are not only very dynamic in their nature, but also have significant effects on hydrological response of complex and dynamic river basins. The Indus basin is one of the most complex river basins in the world and receives most of its share from the Asian Water Tower (Himalayas). In such a huge river basin with high-altitude mountains, the regular quantification of snow cover is a great challenge to researchers for the management of downstream ecosystems. In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily (MOD09GA) and 8-day (MOD09A1) products were used for the spatiotemporal quantification of snow cover over the Indus basin and the western rivers’ catchments from 2008 to 2018. The high-resolution Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) was used as a standard product with a minimum Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) threshold (0.4) to delineate the snow cover for 120 scenes over the Indus basin on different days. All types of errors of commission/omission were masked out using water, sand, cloud, and forest masks at different spatiotemporal resolutions. The snow cover comparison of MODIS products with Landsat ETM+, in situ snow data and Google Earth imagery indicated that the minimum NDSI threshold of 0.34 fits well compared to the globally accepted threshold of 0.4 due to the coarser resolution of MODIS products. The intercomparison of the time series snow cover area of MODIS products indicated R2 values of 0.96, 0.95, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.98, for the Chenab, Jhelum, Indus and eastern rivers’ catchments and Indus basin, respectively. A linear least squares regression analysis of the snow cover area of the Indus basin indicated a declining trend of about 3358 and 2459 km2 per year for MOD09A1 and MOD09GA products, respectively. The results also revealed a decrease in snow cover area over all the parts of the Indus basin and its sub-catchments. Our results suggest that MODIS time series NDSI analysis is a useful technique to estimate snow cover over the mountainous areas of complex river basins.

ACS Style

Sikandar Ali; Muhammad Cheema; Muhammad Waqas; Muhammad Waseem; Usman Awan; Tasneem Khaliq. Changes in Snow Cover Dynamics over the Indus Basin: Evidences from 2008 to 2018 MODIS NDSI Trends Analysis. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2782 .

AMA Style

Sikandar Ali, Muhammad Cheema, Muhammad Waqas, Muhammad Waseem, Usman Awan, Tasneem Khaliq. Changes in Snow Cover Dynamics over the Indus Basin: Evidences from 2008 to 2018 MODIS NDSI Trends Analysis. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (17):2782.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sikandar Ali; Muhammad Cheema; Muhammad Waqas; Muhammad Waseem; Usman Awan; Tasneem Khaliq. 2020. "Changes in Snow Cover Dynamics over the Indus Basin: Evidences from 2008 to 2018 MODIS NDSI Trends Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 17: 2782.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Agricultural Water Management
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Increasing irrigation efficiencies remains the focus of numerous efforts to mitigate water scarcity. In reality, higher local efficiencies do often not reduce water scarcity, but instead cause a redistribution of water flows when the entire irrigation scheme or river basin is considered. Insufficient understanding of consumed fractions and non-consumptive use (i.e. return flows) have led to ineffective, or even harmful, water conservation measures. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel method for spatial quantification of the Consumed Fraction (CF) of withdrawn irrigation water based on satellite remote sensing and the Budyko Hypothesis. This method was applied to evaluate consumption of irrigation water (ETblue), total water supply, and non-consumptive use across the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) of Pakistan. An average ETblue of 707 mm/yr from irrigated cropland was found for 2004–2012, with values per Canal Command Area (CCA) varying from 421 mm/yr to 1011 mm/yr. Although canal supply (662 mm/yr on average) in most CCAs was largely sufficient to sustain ETblue, a similar volume of additional pumping (690 mm/yr) was required to comply with hydro-climatological principles prescribed by Budyko theory. CF values between 0.38 and 0.66 were computed at CCA level, with an average value of 0.52. Co-occurrence of relatively low CF values, high additional water supply, and long-term canal diversions similar to ETblue, implies that the IBIS is characterized by extensive reuse of non-consumed flows within CCAs. In addition, the notably higher CF of 0.71−0.93 of the full IBIS indicates that return flow reuse between CCAs cannot be neglected. These conclusions imply that the IBIS network of irrigators is adapted to extensively recover and reuse drainage flows on different spatial scales. Water saving and efficiency enhancement measures should therefore be implemented with great caution. By relying on globally available satellite products and limited additional data, this novel method to determine Consumed Fractions and non-consumed flows can support policy makers worldwide to make irrigation systems more efficient without detriment to downstream users.

ACS Style

G.W.H. Simons; W.G.M. Bastiaanssen; M.J.M. Cheema; B. Ahmad; W.W. Immerzeel. A novel method to quantify consumed fractions and non-consumptive use of irrigation water: Application to the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management 2020, 236, 106174 .

AMA Style

G.W.H. Simons, W.G.M. Bastiaanssen, M.J.M. Cheema, B. Ahmad, W.W. Immerzeel. A novel method to quantify consumed fractions and non-consumptive use of irrigation water: Application to the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan. Agricultural Water Management. 2020; 236 ():106174.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G.W.H. Simons; W.G.M. Bastiaanssen; M.J.M. Cheema; B. Ahmad; W.W. Immerzeel. 2020. "A novel method to quantify consumed fractions and non-consumptive use of irrigation water: Application to the Indus Basin Irrigation System of Pakistan." Agricultural Water Management 236, no. : 106174.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2019 in Field Crops Research
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Pakistan faces significant future challenges to feed a growing population, with 47% of the population currently categorised as food insecure. The rice-wheat (RW) zone of Punjab is the major aromatic rice producing area of Pakistan. Here the rice-wheat cropping rotation is practiced over a variety of soils under a range of agronomic and irrigation practices. It is important to quantify and understand the existing crop yield gaps and associated factors in this zone to identify opportunities for gap-reduction leading to increased land and water productivity and sustainable water use in Pakistan. The APSIM model was parameterised for local soils and climate, and then calibrated for rice and wheat growth, phenology and yields using experimental data sets. The model calibration was then validated using 5-year (2009–2014) farmer grain yield records from each of the highest (Gujranwala) and lowest (Narowal) performing districts in Punjab, before being used to simulate long-term (34 years) rice-wheat yields for current farmer practices and also for potential (no water or N-stress) production, in both districts. The revealed yield gaps were further assessed as a function of sowing date. Observed and simulated farmer R–W yields for Gujranwala were greater than those for Narowal; however potential yields were similar at both sites (for both rice and wheat). Farmers currently achieve only around 36% (Narowal) to 67% (Gujranwala) of potential yield for rice, and 48–56% of potential for wheat (Narowal and Gujranwala respectively). The modelling analysis of abiotic stresses under which the farmers’ crops were grown revealed that nitrogen (N) deficiency was the primary driver for the large yield gaps at both sites, for both crops, with low topsoil carbon (0.19% Narowal; 0.49% Gujranwala). The simulated farmer crops were not significantly constrained by water limitations under the current N application rates, or by high/low temperatures. Gaining a better understanding of farmers’ reasons for low N-rates is important – it could be related to (non-modelled) soil micronutrient constraints or risk aversion associated with irrigation water supply reliability. Current sowing dates are also problematic for the existing varieties, with optimum rice sowing dates being up to one month later than the current ones, yet optimum wheat sowing dates being a month (or more) earlier than current ones. This wicked problem points towards the need for further investigations into system optimisation, with better nutrient management, increased soil carbon levels, and shorter season high-yielding rice varieties likely to be key elements.

ACS Style

Tasneem Khaliq; Donald S. Gaydon; Mobin-Ud-Din Ahmad; M.J.M. Cheema; Umair Gull. Analyzing crop yield gaps and their causes using cropping systems modelling–A case study of the Punjab rice-wheat system, Pakistan. Field Crops Research 2019, 232, 119 -130.

AMA Style

Tasneem Khaliq, Donald S. Gaydon, Mobin-Ud-Din Ahmad, M.J.M. Cheema, Umair Gull. Analyzing crop yield gaps and their causes using cropping systems modelling–A case study of the Punjab rice-wheat system, Pakistan. Field Crops Research. 2019; 232 ():119-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tasneem Khaliq; Donald S. Gaydon; Mobin-Ud-Din Ahmad; M.J.M. Cheema; Umair Gull. 2019. "Analyzing crop yield gaps and their causes using cropping systems modelling–A case study of the Punjab rice-wheat system, Pakistan." Field Crops Research 232, no. : 119-130.

Journal article
Published: 02 January 2019 in Water International
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ACS Style

Mobin-Ud-Din Ahmad; J. M. Kirby; M. J. M. Cheema. Impact of agricultural development on evapotranspiration trends in the irrigated districts of Pakistan: evidence from 1981 to 2012. Water International 2019, 44, 51 -73.

AMA Style

Mobin-Ud-Din Ahmad, J. M. Kirby, M. J. M. Cheema. Impact of agricultural development on evapotranspiration trends in the irrigated districts of Pakistan: evidence from 1981 to 2012. Water International. 2019; 44 (1):51-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mobin-Ud-Din Ahmad; J. M. Kirby; M. J. M. Cheema. 2019. "Impact of agricultural development on evapotranspiration trends in the irrigated districts of Pakistan: evidence from 1981 to 2012." Water International 44, no. 1: 51-73.

Proceedings
Published: 16 November 2017 in Proceedings
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Drought is a continuous process in Thar Desert, Pakistan. The extent of this drought needs to be assessed for future land use and adaptation. The effect of previous drought on vegetation cover of the Thar region was studied, through combined use of drought indices and geographic information (GIS) techniques. Five years (2002, 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014) were selected to analyze the drought conditions and land use pattern of the Thar region. The drought indices used in this study included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI). Images of past drought were compared with post-drought images of our targeted area and land use maps were developed for spatio-temporal analysis. The results of the study revealed that vegetation in Thar showed an improving trend from 2002 to 2011 and then declined from 2011 to 2014. The rainfall occurred at a below average rate and SPI values for each year were calculated to be negative, indicating below average rainfall. This actual precipitation data was then compared with the data obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and R2; Pearson correlation coefficients were also calculated. The R2 values for the years 2002 and 2014 were 0.519 and 0.670 respectively. In the same manner, the Pearson correlation coefficient values for the years 2002 and 2014 were 0.721 and 0.867 respectively. The results showed the TRMM satellite’s over-estimation in calculating rainfall data. Further, the average temperature for the five years under study was analyzed by graphical representation and it was revealed that the temperature of Thar has increased by almost 1 °C during the last decade.

ACS Style

Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Usman Liaqat; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Talha Mahmood; Qasim Khan. Spatial Drought Monitoring in Thar Desert Using Satellite-Based Drought Indices and Geo-Informatics Techniques. Proceedings 2017, 2, 179 .

AMA Style

Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Usman Liaqat, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Talha Mahmood, Qasim Khan. Spatial Drought Monitoring in Thar Desert Using Satellite-Based Drought Indices and Geo-Informatics Techniques. Proceedings. 2017; 2 (5):179.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Usman Liaqat; Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema; Talha Mahmood; Qasim Khan. 2017. "Spatial Drought Monitoring in Thar Desert Using Satellite-Based Drought Indices and Geo-Informatics Techniques." Proceedings 2, no. 5: 179.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
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The exponential increase in groundwater usage over the past few decades in the Punjab province in Pakistan is responsible for the significant groundwater table decline in many parts of the province, leading to an urgent need for policy measures to better manage groundwater use. A better understanding of the underground water balance is necessary for drafting informed groundwater management plans. With limited data, this study develops the first physically-based groundwater model for the entire Punjab province. Using the calibrated provincewide model, simulations are performed to evaluate groundwater dynamics in the future under different scenarios. These scenarios comprise controls on groundwater pumping, canal infrastructure improvements, and precipitation changes. The impacts of these scenarios are highlighted with the mapping of changes in water table, pumping cost, and waterlogged area. The results show that changes in both groundwater abstraction and seepage from the canal system into the aquifer significantly impact groundwater heads, whereas the effect of changing precipitation is negligible. Under status quo conditions, the average provincewide pumping cost is projected to increase by 270% in 23 years. The findings emphasize the heterogeneity in groundwater conditions across Punjab and highlight the need for region-specific management of groundwater resources.

ACS Style

Hassaan F. Khan; Y. C. Ethan Yang; Claudia Ringler; Sungwook Wi; M. J. M. Cheema; Muhammad Basharat. Guiding Groundwater Policy in the Indus Basin of Pakistan Using a Physically Based Groundwater Model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 2017, 143, 05016014 .

AMA Style

Hassaan F. Khan, Y. C. Ethan Yang, Claudia Ringler, Sungwook Wi, M. J. M. Cheema, Muhammad Basharat. Guiding Groundwater Policy in the Indus Basin of Pakistan Using a Physically Based Groundwater Model. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 2017; 143 (3):05016014.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassaan F. Khan; Y. C. Ethan Yang; Claudia Ringler; Sungwook Wi; M. J. M. Cheema; Muhammad Basharat. 2017. "Guiding Groundwater Policy in the Indus Basin of Pakistan Using a Physically Based Groundwater Model." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 143, no. 3: 05016014.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2013 in Groundwater
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Groundwater abstraction and depletion were assessed at a 1-km resolution in the irrigated areas of the Indus Basin using remotely sensed evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation; a process-based hydrological model and spatial information on canal water supplies. A calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to derive total annual irrigation applied in the irrigated areas of the basin during the year 2007. The SWAT model was parameterized by station corrected precipitation data (R) from the Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission, land use, soil type, and outlet locations. The model was calibrated using a new approach based on spatially distributed ET fields derived from different satellite sensors. The calibration results were satisfactory?and strong improvements were obtained in the Nash-Sutcliffe criterion (0.52 to 0.93), bias (?17.3% to ?0.4%), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (0.78 to 0.93). Satellite information on R and ET was then combined with model results of surface runoff, drainage, and percolation to derive groundwater abstraction and depletion at a nominal resolution of 1?km. It was estimated that in 2007, 68?km3 (262?mm) of groundwater was abstracted in the Indus Basin while 31?km3 (121?mm) was depleted. The mean error was 41?mm/year and 62?mm/year at 50% and 70% probability of exceedance, respectively. Pakistani and Indian Punjab and Haryana were the most vulnerable areas to groundwater depletion and strong measures are required to maintain aquifer sustainability

ACS Style

M.J.M. Cheema; Walter Immerzeel; W.G.M. Bastiaanssen. Spatial Quantification of Groundwater Abstraction in the Irrigated Indus Basin. Groundwater 2013, 52, 25 -36.

AMA Style

M.J.M. Cheema, Walter Immerzeel, W.G.M. Bastiaanssen. Spatial Quantification of Groundwater Abstraction in the Irrigated Indus Basin. Groundwater. 2013; 52 (1):25-36.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.J.M. Cheema; Walter Immerzeel; W.G.M. Bastiaanssen. 2013. "Spatial Quantification of Groundwater Abstraction in the Irrigated Indus Basin." Groundwater 52, no. 1: 25-36.

Regular article
Published: 21 November 2012 in Water Resources Research
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[1] The surface energy fluxes and related evapotranspiration processes across the Indus Basin were estimated for the hydrological year 2007 using satellite measurements. The new ETLook remote sensing model (version 1) infers information on actual Evaporation (E) and actual Transpiration (T) from combined optical and passive microwave sensors, which can observe the land‐surface even under persistent overcast conditions. A two‐layer Penman–Monteith equation was applied for quantifying soil and canopy evaporation. The novelty of the paper is the computation of E and T across a vast area (116.2 million ha) by using public domain microwave data that can be applied under all weather conditions, and for which no advanced input data are required. The average net radiation for the basin was estimated as being 112 Wm−2. The basin average sensible, latent and soil heat fluxes were estimated to be 80, 32, and 0 Wm−2, respectively. The average evapotranspiration (ET) and evaporative fraction were 1.2 mm d−1 and 0.28, respectively. The basin wide ET was 496 ± 16.8 km3 yr−1. Monte Carlo analysis have indicated 3.4% error at 95% confidence interval for a dominant land use class. Results compared well with previously conducted soil moisture, lysimeter and Bowen ratio measurements at field scale (R2 = 0.70; RMSE = 0.45 mm d−1; RE = –11.5% for annual ET). ET results were also compared against earlier remote sensing and modeling studies for various regions and provinces in Pakistan (R2 = 0.76; RMSE = 0.29 mmd−1; RE = 6.5% for annual ET). The water balance for all irrigated areas together as one total system in Pakistan and India (26.02 million ha) show a total ET value that is congruent with the ET value from the ETLook surface energy balance computations. An unpublished validation of the same ETLook model for 23 jurisdictional areas covering the entire Australian continent showed satisfactory results given the quality of the watershed data and the diverging physiographic and climatic conditions (R2 = 0.70; RMSE = 0.31 mmd−1; RE = –2.8% for annual ET). Eight day values of latent heat fluxes in Heibei (China) showed a good resemblance (R2 = 0.92; RMSE = 0.04 mm d−1; RE = 9.5% for annual ET). It is concluded that ETLook is a novel model that can be operationalized further—especially after improving the preprocessing of spaceborne soil moisture data. This preprocessing includes (1) downscaling of topsoil moisture from 25 to 1 km pixels, and (2) translation of topsoil moisture into subsoil moisture values.

ACS Style

W. G. M. Bastiaanssen; M. J. M. Cheema; Walter Immerzeel; I. J. Miltenburg; H. Pelgrum. Surface energy balance and actual evapotranspiration of the transboundary Indus Basin estimated from satellite measurements and the ETLook model. Water Resources Research 2012, 48, 1 .

AMA Style

W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, M. J. M. Cheema, Walter Immerzeel, I. J. Miltenburg, H. Pelgrum. Surface energy balance and actual evapotranspiration of the transboundary Indus Basin estimated from satellite measurements and the ETLook model. Water Resources Research. 2012; 48 (11):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

W. G. M. Bastiaanssen; M. J. M. Cheema; Walter Immerzeel; I. J. Miltenburg; H. Pelgrum. 2012. "Surface energy balance and actual evapotranspiration of the transboundary Indus Basin estimated from satellite measurements and the ETLook model." Water Resources Research 48, no. 11: 1.