Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains one of the major neurodegenerative diseases over-whelming the world today. Alzheimer’s is the most complicated as well as perplexing disease en-countering serious global health issues. Alzheimer’s disease is well characterized as a general cause of dementia, which includes issues with memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive behaviours, such as disabled perception as well as trouble talking due to degeneration of neurons. According to the latest report, there are about 44 million individuals who are currently suffering from dementia, which has been prophesied to extensively grow up to 3-fold by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease is usually triggered by numerous associated factors, including depleted amount of acetyl-choline (ACh), excessive aggregation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), tau hyperphosphorylation with neurofibrillary tangle formation as well as deposition of feeble plaques in a specific portion of the brain (hippocampus and cortex). Besides these superior factors, sometimes AD can be induced or become complex due to several reasons, such as inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress. Furthermore, heterocyclic scaffolds comprise assorted implications in the drug design and devel-opment process. Heterocycles have also elicited their evolving role as core scaffolds in numerous synthetic derivatives with potent anti-Alzheimer’s potential. There are only limited drugs that are present in the market to treat Alzheimer’s disease in an efficacious manner. Hence, the identifica-tion, design, and development of new anti-Alzheimer’s drugs are an emerging need to eradicate complex clinical indications associated with Alzheimer’s disease. This review aims to summarize various recent advancements in the medicinal chemistry of heterocycle-based compounds with the following objectives: (1) to represent inclusive literature reports describing the anti-Alzheimer’s po-tential of heterocyclic derivatives; (2) to cast light on recent advancements in the medicinal chemis-try of heterocyclic compounds endowed with therapeutic potential against Alzheimer’s disease; (3) to summarize the comprehensive correlation of structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the phar-macological responses, including in silico and mechanistic studies to provide ideas related to design and development of lead molecules.

Gastro-retentive floating drug delivery systems (GRFDDS) have emerged as a significant advancement in enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of various medications. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of recent innovations in GRFDDS, highlighting their formulation strategies, mechanisms of buoyancy, and various applications in drug delivery. The role of various polymeric materials, gas-forming agents, and optimization techniques is discussed which are generally employed to develop effective floating systems. Additionally, keen insight is brought on applications of GRFDDS in treating gastrointestinal disorders, enhancing the pharmacokinetics of drugs with narrow absorption windows, and their potential in controlled-release formulations. In this review, authors compiled the recent reported literatures about the gastro-retentive floating drug delivery systems since 2015 to underline the effectiveness and safety profiles of these systems. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge and inspire future research directions in the development of GRFDDS for improved patient outcomes. Keywords: Floating; Gastro-retentive; drug delivery; HPMC; Effervescent

Biological macromolecules constitute the foundational elements of cellular architecture and function, orchestrating the complex biochemical phenomenon essential for life. These high-molecular-weigh...