Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent and ubiquitous cause of mastitis in cows. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has rapidly spread among infectious disease pathogens in Kazakhstan and globally. This study examined the phenotypic and genotypic resistance of S. aureus strains obtained from cattle milk to antibiotics. Materials and Methods: In 2021 and 2022, 675 cow milk samples were collected from 16 dairy farms in Northern Kazakhstan. Staphylococcus aureus was identified using culture and biochemical methods. The nature of antibiotic resistance was determined by the disk diffusion (DD) method. The distribution of antibiotic resistance genes was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Among the obtained S. aureus isolates, high levels of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (100%), tetracyclines (95.4%), fluoroquinolones (95.4%), and macrolides (60.92%) were observed. Meanwhile, the lowest levels of resistance were identified for sulfonamides (21.84%) and aminoglycosides (27.59%). All the obtained isolates were positive for the nuc gene encoding thermonuclease. The blaZ, ermC, and tetK genes were detected in 45.9%, 77%, and 83.9% of the studied S. aureus isolates, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical forms of mastitis in Northern Kazakhstan. In addition, the prevalence of resistance was higher when evaluated by the DD method than when detecting the specific antibiotic resistance genes blaZ, tetK, and ermC, indicating the need for deeper analysis of the phenotypic and genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance. Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes, cow milk, polymerase chain reaction, Staphylococcus aureus strains.

Background and Aim. Infectious pathologies are prevalent among canines, with the majority being of viral etiology. The most notable examples include carnivore plague and adenovirus infection. A distinctive attribute of viral infections is their tendency to occur in clusters, whereas monoinfections are observed with a lower frequency. Clinically, high mortality rates are frequently observed in viral diseases, often due to the development of secondary infections that complicate the course of the primary disease. The objective of the present study was to investigate the clinical manifestations (symptoms, haematological and biochemical blood parameters) of viral diseases (i.e. canine plague and adenovirus infection) in dogs complicated by opportunistic microorganisms, in the conditions of Kostanay city, RK. Materials and Methods. Canines of various breeds, sexes and age groups were utilised as subjects for the study. The diagnosis of viral diseases in canines was conducted in a comprehensive manner. Dogs with confirmed viral infection were sampled for the isolation and identification of opportunistic microorganisms. Results. In Kostanay city, from 2022 to 2024, 15 cases of plague of carnivores and 12 cases of adenovirus infection were registered, 13 isolates of opportunistic microorganisms were detected and identified. Blood analysis in monoinfection showed decreased erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and platelet levels. In adenovirus type CAV-1, there were abnormalities in total bilirubin, ALT, AST alkaline phosphotase, and albumin. Blood analysis in viral diseases complicated by associations of opportunistic microorganisms showed leukocytosis, increased neutrophils, globulins and urea indicating the development of secondary infection. Conclusion. The combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory data allow a more accurate assessment of the severity of the animal's condition and identify lesions of various body systems. The prevalence of opportunistic microorganisms in viral pathologies aggravate the course of the main disease and cause the development of secondary infection.

This article reveals the features of the resistance of Staphylococcus аureus strains isolated from animals, birds and animal products in the territory of Kostanay region. Staphylococci can infect any tissue or organ of an animal, causing more than 100 different diseases. According to literary sources, more than a dozen species of non-pathogenic or conditionally pathogenic staphylococci are isolated from many agricultural and domestic animals and birds. For the first time in the Kostanay region, the analysis of antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus strains isolated in livestock farms and animal products was carried out.The analysis of antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus strains isolated in livestock farms of Kostanay region and animal products was carried out. The study showed that the largest number of isolates of Staphylococcus аureus showed high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics by an average of 55.3%, fluoroquinolones by 47.1% and tetracyclines by 45.6%.Of the 69 studied isolates of Staphylococcus аureus, antibiotic resistance was shown by 43 (62.3%) isolates, 26 (37.7%) isolates were sensitive to all groups of AMD.It was found that the largest number of isolates is 62.3% in the group of beta-lactams resistant to various antibiotics, the least resistant strains are 7.9% in the group of aminoglycosides and 20.3% in the group of sulfonamides.

Background and Aim. The main goal of our research, as stated in the article, was to study the phenotypic characteristics of strains of S. agalactiae isolated from milk, identify and evaluate the effectiveness of the main groups of antibiotics recommended for use in veterinary medicine, including those provided by EUCAST. Materials and Methods. The study of the phenotypic characteristics of S. agalactiae and the research on antibiotic resistance were carried out at the base of the Microbiology Laboratory of the Biotechnology Research Institute of Kostanay State University named after A. Baitursynov in 2023, using mastitis milk samples brought to the microbiology laboratory. The biological characteristics of streptococci in the milk samples were identified using classical microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method in Mueller-Hinton agar. Results. The results of the study indicate that out of 631 milk samples from animals in the region’s dairy farms, 35 of them were found to be S. agalactiae isolates. The text you provided seems to report the results of a study that investigated 631 samples of raw milk for mastitis, identifying 35 S. agalactiae isolates. It details the antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates, indicating a high susceptibility to benzylpenicillin (90.4%), amoxicillin (80.9%), kanamycin (76.1%), and moderate susceptibility to ampicillin and neomycin. However, the isolates demonstrated lower susceptibility to doxycycline (47.6%), tylosin (42.8%), gentamicin, and erythromycin (33.3%). Conclusion. Thus, various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and ways of their acquisition by bacteria significantly complicate the process of selecting effective antibiotic therapy both in agroindustrial organizations and in medical institutions. The mechanisms of acquired and natural antibiotic resistance are inherently complex and vary from species to species, from strain to strain of microorganisms. Basically, intraspecific and interspecific acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes is carried out through horizontal transfer - conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is the cause of a highly contagious acute disease of many carnivorous animals, which leads to severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Parvovirus infection is characterized by severe enteritis and vomiting, as well as dehydration, fever, leukopenia and diarrhea. The article presents data on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Kostanay, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to assess the epizootological situation of parvovirus enteritis, the logs of registration of sick animals, the results of rapid tests for infectious diseases of dogs of private veterinary clinics of the city for the period from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. The object of the study was dogs of different breeds and age groups. Data analysis has shown that parvovirus enteritis is the most common infectious diseases of dogs. It was diagnosed in 20.3% of veterinary clinic patients, in two forms of intestinal and myocarditis. The disease is seasonal. Infection of dogs with parvovirus occurs mainly in spring (35,6%) and autumn (37,8%). The analysis of the sex and age structure of patients with parvovirus enteritis indicates a greater susceptibility to the disease of puppies under the age of one year. 86% of patients belonged to this age group. Dogs get sick regardless of gender. Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is the cause of a highly contagious acute disease of many carnivorous animals, which leads to severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Parvovirus infection is characterized by severe enteritis and vomiting, as well as dehydration, fever, leukopenia and diarrhea. The article presents data on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Kostanay, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to assess the epizootological situation of parvovirus enteritis, the logs of registration of sick animals, the results of rapid tests for infectious diseases of dogs of private veterinary clinics of the city for the period from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. The object of the study was dogs of different breeds and age groups. Data analysis has shown that parvovirus enteritis is the most common infectious diseases of dogs. It was diagnosed in 20.3% of veterinary clinic patients, in two forms of intestinal and myocarditis. The disease is seasonal. Infection of dogs with parvovirus occurs mainly in spring (35,6%) and autumn (37,8%). The analysis of the sex and age structure of patients with parvovirus enteritis indicates a greater susceptibility to the disease of puppies under the age of one year. 86% of patients belonged to this age group. Dogs get sick regardless of gender. Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is the cause of a highly contagious acute disease of many carnivorous animals, which leads to severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Parvovirus infection is characterized by severe enteritis and vomiting, as well as dehydration, fever, leukopenia and diarrhea. The article presents data on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Kostanay, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to assess the epizootological situation of parvovirus enteritis, the logs of registration of sick animals, the results of rapid tests for infectious diseases of dogs of private veterinary clinics of the city for the period from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. The object of the study was dogs of different breeds and age groups. Data analysis has shown that parvovirus enteritis is the most common infectious diseases of dogs. It was diagnosed in 20.3% of veterinary clinic patients, in two forms of intestinal and myocarditis. The disease is seasonal. Infection of dogs with parvovirus occurs mainly in spring (35,6%) and autumn (37,8%). The analysis of the sex and age structure of patients with parvovirus enteritis indicates a greater susceptibility to the disease of puppies under the age of one year. 86% of patients belonged to this age group. Dogs get sick regardless of gender.

В статье представлены результаты конструирования рекомбинантных положительных контрольных образцов, путем клонирования в плазмидные вектора pTG19-T фрагментов генов DQ507382.1; U58139.2, MF095627.1, HF679144.1, HF679144.1, AB368369.1, KX687892.1, MG786937.1. Данные гены несут специфические фрагменты последовательностей для S. aureus: гена термостабильной нуклеазы (nuc); генов резистентности к антибиотикам группы бета-лактамов (blaZ), макролидов (ermC) и тетрациклинов (tetK); а также для Str. agalactiae: гена, кодирующего глюкозокиназу (glck) и генов резистентности к антибиотикам группы бета-лактамов (pbp), макролидов (erm), тетрациклинов (tetM). Плазмиды с фрагментами генов успешно выявлялись с помощью ПЦР, это подтверждает, что все интересующие последовательности были правильно лигированы в плазмидные векторы и могут быть использованы в качестве положительных контрольных образцов. Разработанные положительные контроли показывают правильное протекание полимеразной цепной реакции, качественность реагентов, используемых в эксперименте, оптимальность температурно-временных режимов и отсутствие ингибиторов ПЦР. Исследование выполнено в рамках Научно-технической программы BR10764944 «Разработка методов аналитического контроля и проведения мониторинга безопасности пищевой продукции» на 2021-2023 годы.