Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the main causative agents of foodborne infections. The source of the pathogen, in most cases, is poultry products. The intensification of poultry farming and the constant and uncontrolled use of antimicrobials has led to an increase in the level of antibiotic resistance, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the level of sensitivity to antimicrobial agents in Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry products in Northern Kazakhstan, as well as to determine the genetic mechanisms of resistance and the presence of integrons. Materials and Methods: In total, 398 samples of poultry products sold in Northern Kazakhstan were selected. Salmonella strains were isolated from product samples using microbiological methods. Salmonella was identified based on morphological, biochemical, and serological methods, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sensitivity testing for antimicrobial agents was performed using the disk diffusion method. The detection of resistance genes was performed using PCR and gel electrophoresis. Results: Out of 398 samples of poultry products, a total of 46 Salmonella isolates were obtained. Most of the isolates belong to the serovar Salmonella Enteritidis (80.4%). The assessment of sensitivity to antibacterial agents showed that Salmonella was mainly resistant to nalidixic acid (63%), furadonin (60.9%), ofloxacin (45.6%), and tetracycline (39.1%). In 64.3% of cases, Salmonella was resistant to three or more groups of antibacterial agents. Resistance genes such as tetA, tetB, blaTEM, aadA, sul3, and catII, as well as integrons of two classes (teg1 and teg2), were identified. Conclusion: Poultry products contain antimicrobial-resistant strains of Salmonella, as well as genes encoding resistance mechanisms. The results emphasize the need for constant monitoring of not only pathogenic microorganisms but also their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. The potential threat to human health requires a unified approach to the problem of antibiotic resistance from representatives of both public health and the agroindustrial complex. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, food safety, poultry, resistance genes, Salmonella.

The increasing number of owned and stray dogs in large cities is becoming a pressing issue due to rising population densities, urban conditions, and poor control over animal reproduction. This situation poses serious epidemiological risks, as dogs can act as reservoirs and transmitters of infectious and parasitic diseases dangerous to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and carriage of infectious and parasitic diseases in stray dogs in the city of Uralsk as a factor of epidemiological risk. In 2024, 1213 stray dogs were captured from different city districts and examined at the veterinary clinic and laboratory of Zhangir Khan University. Biological samples (blood, urine, feces) from 10% of the animals were analyzed using molecular (PCR), serological (ELISA), and helminthological methods. Serological and molecular analyses revealed the widespread circulation of bacterial pathogens. Antibodies to additional bacterial agents, including Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Leptospira spp., were detected in the samples, indicating an unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation in the urban environment. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) identified antibodies against Toxocara canis in 50.9% of the dogs and against Echinococcus granulosus in 76.4%, reflecting both active and past infections. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results showed the presence of Brucella canis DNA in blood and urine samples, while antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected in 57.8% of the examined dogs, underscoring the significant zooanthroponotic importance of this pathogen and its potential threat to human health. Additionally, T. canis DNA was found in 39.2% of the samples and E. granulosus DNA in 16.6%. A helminthological examination using the Fülleborn method revealed a high rate of helminth infection: Ancylostoma caninum—35.3%, T. canis—32.3%, and Toxascaris leonina—29.4%. The obtained results highlight the significant role of stray dogs as epizootiological and epidemiological reservoirs of zooanthroponotic infections. This poses a serious threat to public health and necessitates the implementation of effective control and prevention measures for infectious and parasitic diseases within urban fauna.

The increasing number of owned and stray dogs in large cities is becoming a pressing issue due to rising population density, urban conditions, and poor control over animal reproduction. This situation poses serious epidemiological risks, as dogs can act as reservoirs and transmitters of infectious and parasitic diseases dangerous to humans. This study aimed to assess the role of stray dogs in spreading such diseases in Uralsk, Kazakhstan. In 2024, 1,213 stray dogs were captured from different city districts and examined at the veterinary clinic and laboratory of Zhangir Khan University. Biological samples (blood, urine, feces) from 10% of animals were analyzed using molecular genetics, serological, and helminthological methods. DNA of Brucella canis was found in blood and urine, and antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected in 57.8% of dogs. Antibodies to Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Leptospira spp. were also found. Helminths were common, with Ancylostoma caninum (35.3%), Toxocara canis (32.3%), and Toxascaris leonina (29.4%). PCR confirmed T. canis in 39.2% and Echinococcus granulosus in 16.6%; antibodies were found in 50.9% and 76.4% of dogs, respectively. These findings highlight the public health threat and need for disease control in urban areas.

The article presents the results of treatment of colic in horses. For the study we selected 22 horses brought to the clinic with colic symptoms. The clinical studies were conducted analyzing the data contained in the patient data system. We analyzed the treatment methods used and their effectiveness. We used drug treatment and a combination of drug and surgical interventions. In all cases, symptomatic therapy was used. Gastrointestinal diseases are frequent in horses and are the most common cause of emergency room visits. Our findings indicate that medication is the most effective treatment method, with a recovery rate of 78%. The treatment regimen includes flunixin for pain relief, dexamethasone for sedation, and butylscopolamine bromide, dipyrone, and drotaverine hydrochloride to alleviate spasms. Liquid therapy involves the use of various infusion solutions, which are combined with each other and with antibiotic treatment for enhanced effectiveness. Less effective is the use of surgery alone (with a recovery rate of 22%), which aims to eliminate the cause of the disease through surgical procedures. The integrated use of medicinal and surgical methods enables to improve and lead to recovery and a positive outcome of colic in horses (recovery rate of 25%).

Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is the cause of a highly contagious acute disease of many carnivorous animals, which leads to severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Parvovirus infection is characterized by severe enteritis and vomiting, as well as dehydration, fever, leukopenia and diarrhea. The article presents data on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Kostanay, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to assess the epizootological situation of parvovirus enteritis, the logs of registration of sick animals, the results of rapid tests for infectious diseases of dogs of private veterinary clinics of the city for the period from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. The object of the study was dogs of different breeds and age groups. Data analysis has shown that parvovirus enteritis is the most common infectious diseases of dogs. It was diagnosed in 20.3% of veterinary clinic patients, in two forms of intestinal and myocarditis. The disease is seasonal. Infection of dogs with parvovirus occurs mainly in spring (35,6%) and autumn (37,8%). The analysis of the sex and age structure of patients with parvovirus enteritis indicates a greater susceptibility to the disease of puppies under the age of one year. 86% of patients belonged to this age group. Dogs get sick regardless of gender. Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is the cause of a highly contagious acute disease of many carnivorous animals, which leads to severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Parvovirus infection is characterized by severe enteritis and vomiting, as well as dehydration, fever, leukopenia and diarrhea. The article presents data on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Kostanay, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to assess the epizootological situation of parvovirus enteritis, the logs of registration of sick animals, the results of rapid tests for infectious diseases of dogs of private veterinary clinics of the city for the period from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. The object of the study was dogs of different breeds and age groups. Data analysis has shown that parvovirus enteritis is the most common infectious diseases of dogs. It was diagnosed in 20.3% of veterinary clinic patients, in two forms of intestinal and myocarditis. The disease is seasonal. Infection of dogs with parvovirus occurs mainly in spring (35,6%) and autumn (37,8%). The analysis of the sex and age structure of patients with parvovirus enteritis indicates a greater susceptibility to the disease of puppies under the age of one year. 86% of patients belonged to this age group. Dogs get sick regardless of gender. Parvovirus enteritis of dogs is the cause of a highly contagious acute disease of many carnivorous animals, which leads to severe gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Parvovirus infection is characterized by severe enteritis and vomiting, as well as dehydration, fever, leukopenia and diarrhea. The article presents data on the frequency of occurrence of the disease in dogs with parvovirus enteritis in Kostanay, the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to assess the epizootological situation of parvovirus enteritis, the logs of registration of sick animals, the results of rapid tests for infectious diseases of dogs of private veterinary clinics of the city for the period from 2020 to 2023 were analyzed. The object of the study was dogs of different breeds and age groups. Data analysis has shown that parvovirus enteritis is the most common infectious diseases of dogs. It was diagnosed in 20.3% of veterinary clinic patients, in two forms of intestinal and myocarditis. The disease is seasonal. Infection of dogs with parvovirus occurs mainly in spring (35,6%) and autumn (37,8%). The analysis of the sex and age structure of patients with parvovirus enteritis indicates a greater susceptibility to the disease of puppies under the age of one year. 86% of patients belonged to this age group. Dogs get sick regardless of gender.

Biofilms are structured microbial communities that enhance bacterial survival by conferring resistance to antimicrobial agents and disinfectants. Their presence in milk and dairy products may contribute to the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, representing a serious concern in veterinary and food microbiology. This study aimed to assess antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability of bacterial isolates recovered from cow’s milk, mare’s milk, and dairy products. A total of 150 samples were examined, including cow’s milk (n=50), mare’s milk (n=50), and dairy products (n=50), collected from markets and small-scale farms. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed using conventional microbiological and biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, following EUCAST and CLSI guidelines. Resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Biofilm formation was assessed using the crystal violet microtiter plate assay (96-well format). In total, 46 bacterial isolates were obtained: Staphylococcus aureus (52.2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (23.9%), Escherichia coli (21.7%), and Listeria monocytogenes (2.2%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 20.8% of S. aureus isolates, with 8.3% classified as extensively drug-resistant. S. agalactiae showed high resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin (90.9%). Genotypic findings aligned with phenotypic resistance: tetM and blaZ were detected in S. aureus, tetM in S. agalactiae, and blaSHV, aadB in E. coli. No resistance genes were found in L. monocytogenes. Strong biofilm production was found in 16.7% of S. aureus isolates, primarily those with resistance genes. Other species showed weak to moderate biofilm activity.