Introduction: Miniaturization of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPCNL) was proposed to decrease postoperative bleeding, as there is decreased parenchymal injury compared with standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SPCNL). Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating bleeding after mPCNL have shown conflicting results. Hence, the evidence to say that mPCNL offers less postoperative bleeding is not robust. Materials and Methods: Prospective RCT was done by comparing mPCNL and SPCNL for treatment of renal stones of size 1 to 3 cm. Patients with active urinary tract infection, renal malformation, uncorrected coagulopathy, and raised serum creatinine (>1.5 mg/dL) were excluded. Blood loss was evaluated by measuring fall in hemoglobin and hematocrit on postoperative day 1. Postoperative pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) score at 6, 24, and 48 hours. Results: A total of 60 patients (30 in each arm) were enrolled during the study period. All the baseline preoperative variables were comparable in both the groups. The SPCNL group had a significantly higher drop in hematocrit level as compared with mPCNL (4.6 ± 3.1% vs 3.1 ± 2.1%, p = 0.02). The mean fall in hemoglobin was higher in SPCNL as compared with mPCNL (1.61 ± 0.9 gm% vs 1.21 ± 0.7 gm%, p = 0.07), but it was not significant. Blood transfusion (BT) rate was comparable in both the groups (one patient in each group). The mPCNL group had significantly less VAS scores at 6 hours (3.27 ± 1.20 vs 4.40 ± 1.52, p = 0.002) and 24 hours (2.10 ± 0.54 vs 2.83 ± 1.05, p = 0.001) after surgery. Postoperative complications and hospital stay were comparable in both the arms. Conclusion: mPCNL is associated with less postoperative bleeding and pain than SPCNL. However, the small tract size does not prevent against the clinically significant bleeding requiring BT.

Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with various renal pathologies, including angiomyolipoma (AML). Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with concomitant AML is rare. We report a case of composite RCC and AML in a young male with TS. This 25-year-old male presented with an abdominal mass. The abdominal computed tomography scan revealed RCC in the left kidney and AML in right kidney. A left radical nephrectomy was performed. Microscopy showed a tumour composed of closely intermingled RCC and AML components. Immunohistochemistry was performed for confirmation. A diagnosis of composite tumour with clear cell RCC and AML was made. Though the coexistence of RCC with AML is rare, and the composite variant is even rarer, one must be aware of this entity to prevent misdiagnosis as well as upstaging of RCC, and also to avoid missing areas of RCC within a large AML, especially in TS patients.