In genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, disability results from both the molecular defect and epileptic activity. Antiseizure medications modulate pathways involved in seizure initiation and propagation but generally do not correct the disease-causing molecular alterations that contribute to epileptic susceptibility and neurodevelopmental dysfunction. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) modify the splicing of ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts, promote RNA degradation, or reactivate silenced alleles. This narrative review examines variant-guided mechanisms, translational evidence, clinical outcomes, and barriers to implementation. ASO programs targeting SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN8A, KCNT1, GNAO1, and UBE3A range from individualized treatments to phase 3 trials. Published uncontrolled zorevunersen studies report preliminary clinical signals in Dravet syndrome, whereas sponsor-reported results from the randomized, sham-controlled EMBRAVE Part A study suggest seizure reduction with elsunersen in SCN2A-related disease. Conversely, sponsor-reported phase 3 Aspire topline results indicate that apazunersen did not meet its primary cognitive or key secondary multidomain endpoint in Angelman syndrome. These findings are not equivalent in evidentiary strength. Intrathecal delivery, heterogeneous central nervous system (CNS) exposure, target-dosage sensitivity, and compound-specific toxicity influence the therapeutic window. Disease modification requires controlled longitudinal demonstration of meaningful outcomes beyond target engagement or seizure reduction, considering development, adaptive functioning, survival, and treatment burden.

Weight stigma exposure occurs across interpersonal relationships and media environments. However, Italian assessment tools rarely assess these sources of weight stigma comprehensively. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Italian Weight Stigma Exposure Inventory (WeSEI) among adults. A total of 310 participants (M_age = 33.03 years, SD_age = 12.49) were recruited to complete an online survey. WeSEI’s 35 items were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and measurement invariance across sex were also examined. The hypothesized seven correlated factors provided better fit than second-order, unidimensional, and bifactor alternatives. Subscale internal consistency was high. Average variance extracted exceeded .50 across dimensions, and all heterotrait-monotrait ratios were below .85. Changes in approximate fit indices were compatible with invariance through the strict level, although corrected difference tests did not support all equality constraints. WeSEI scores were positively associated with weight self-stigma, avoidance of physical activity and sport, and psychological distress, and negatively associated with body esteem. The findings provide preliminary support for multidimensional assessment of weight stigma exposure among Italian individuals.